Scientific Origins

Most of the scientific advances commented above have taken place in closed areas traditionally independent from each other. We consider that the main scientific originality of the XIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics, organised by the Instituto de... 

In other words, students learned summarised results of scientific research without being confronted with the scientific nature of these results and the critical attitude required to appreciate them (see also (Osborne, 2000). While still claiming that chemistry is a science (many schoolbooks start by defining chemistry as a science), modern chemistry books present students with a set of selected truths detached from their scientific origin. 

Marie s work continued to unleash the Furies. Other prominent scientists, such as Lord Kelvin, questioned her scientific originality, hinting that her ideas were derived from her husband. She was accused of having an affair with Paul Langevin, a long-time family friend... 

This situation raised a crucial issue could Eldorado secure access to Chalk River s isotopes, or was its commercial fate linked entirely to radium Bill Bennett had first asked this question early in 1946. The answer emerged only after impinging scientific, political, and commercial complications were resolved in the late 1940s. It is a story that begins with the scientific origins of isotopes. 

The selected examples of asymmetric syntheses in this book are not regularly related to the target molecule of retrosynthetic analysis. Chiral target molecules are selected either to demonstrate the practicability of certain asymmetric syntheses in non-catalytic and catalytic mode, on the laboratory and industrial scale, or because of their scientific originality. 

As a consequence of the ever-accelerating accumulation of scientific knowledge, curricula have become over-loaded with content. The consequences of high content loads have been that curricula are too often aggregations of isolated facts detached from their scientific origin. 

Acknowledgments. This work was supported by the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society (grant 29566-G4), by a K STAR EPSCoR FIRST Award, and by the University of Kansas General Research Fund. The use of the Origin 2000 computer at the Kansas Center for Advanced Scientific Computing is gratefully acknowledged. 

This comprises original publications in scientific journals or serials proceedings, in which the latest information and data are published for the first time. Primary literature includes dissertations and theses, journals, patents, conference proceedings, research reports, and preprints the latter three are often called gray literature). 

All new information on chemical matters or original presentations and discussions of known material are published in scientific journals. The most important of these dealing with organic compounds are (the abbreviated names are given in parentheses) ... 

In compiling this book, the author has drawn freely from all sources of information available to him—research notes, original memoirs in scientific journals, reference works on organic chemistry, the numerous text books on practical organic chemistry, and pamphlets of manufac turers of specialised apparatus. Whilst individual acknowledgement cannot obviously be made—in many cases the original source has been lost track of—it is a duty and a pleasure to place on record the debt the writer owes to all these sources. Mention must, however, be made of Organic Syntheses, to which the reader is referred for further details of many of the preparations described in the text. 

R. E. Putnam, in R. B. Seymour and G. S. Kirshenbaum, eds.. High Petformance Polymers Their Origin and Development, Elsevier Scientific Publishing,... 

The largest storehouse of personal origin documents of outstanding scientists of Ukraine (about 350 funds, including more than 40 - scientists-chemists) is the Archivist Institute of National librar y of Ukraine. Among them the ar chival fund of academician of Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Anatoly Kirillovich Babko, the honored worker of a science, professor, founder of the Kyiv school of chemists-analysts. He is the author of 420 scientific works and several monographs and textbooks. 

Investigations in the field of shoek eompression of solid materials were originally performed for military purposes. Speeimens sueh as armor were subjected to either projectile impact or explosive detonation, and the severity and character of the resulting damage constituted the experimental data (see, e.g., Helie, 1840). Investigations of this type continue today, and although they certainly have their place, they are now considered more as engineering experiments than scientific research, inasmuch as they do little to illuminate the basic physics and material properties which determine the results of shock-compression events. 

We will attempt to address a number of these phenomena in terms of their micromechanical origins, and to give the essential quantitative ideas that connect the macroscale (continuum description) with the microscale. We also will discuss the importance of direct observations, wherever possible, in establishing uniqueness of scientific interpretation. 

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