Economic pillar

Figure 11.5 Characterization of the required level of detail for assessing the economic pillar in retrofit design decisions.

The impact on the natural environment is measured in number of species loss over a year/person/year, which is rather common for LCA users. Different pathways contributing to natural environment impact (e.g., acidification, chmate change, etc.) are finally converted into this unit. However, for the impact on exhaustible resources, instead of using kg of consumed metal/mineral and MJ of consumed fossil fuels, the unit of US 2010/person/year is utihzed to express both consumed resources. This unit is based on the quantity of resources used in combination with its market value in 2010 [16]. For the economic pillar of sustainabihty, the methodology used /person/ year to measure the prosperity [16], which is similar to the unit used in LCC. 

Jiang ZR (2005) Chinese economic pillars of dialysis UK - UK survey development of Chinese medicine. Overseas review no. 4, pp 201-202... 

Rebitzer, G., Htmkeler, D., JoUiet, O., 2003. LCC-the economic pillar of sustainability methodology and application to waste water treatment. Environmental Progress 22,241-249. 

Mr Mayor and honoured representatives of the region, I can tell you that in Sicily, at Erice, there is now a similar school, founded in 1962 over there it has transformed the region, having become a tourist attraction at the national and even the international levels. Les Houches needs no such touristic boost from science, nature has amply endowed it for this purpose. Snow and Skiing are quite successful as economic levers. And yet, you should know that elsewhere, without this natural endowment, a school like yours has even become an economic pillar of strength for the local community and the region. You too might decide some day to add the exploitation of this feature to your other assets. 

PLATE 8 Corrosion is a chemical process whose results are easy to see in the world around us. In this picture, corrosion of reinforcing steel has caused the conerete pillars to spall, weakening the bridge and forcing the installation of wooden joists to temporarily support the bridge deck structure. The results of corrosion impose significant economic costs on society—in 1982, these eosts were estimated at about 120 billion. Courtesy, Robert Baboian, Texas Instruments, Inc. 

A useful example of sustainable design comes from BASF, and their development of the eco-efficiency tool. This tool seeks to integrate the combined aspects of each of the three pillars in an attempt to quantify the most sustainable products and illustrates some of the concerns associated with evaluating sustainable products. For example, the economic analysis includes a total cost of ownership that goes beyond the purchase price of a product to incorporate the cost of operation, the cost of environmental health and safety, and the cost of labour. Thus, even though a product may have a lower purchase price, it may be more expensive to use and thus costlier over the total life cycle of the product. 

We have not fully integrated energy with the economic and environmental pillars of development. If we are to achieve sustainable development, we shall... 

Fast deactivation rates due to coking and the limited hydrothermal stability of pillared clays have probably retarded the commercial development of these new type of catalysts and prevented (to date) their acceptance by chemical producers and refiners. However, there is a large economic incentive justifying efforts to convert inexpensive (i.e. 40-100/ton) smectites into commercially viable (pillared clay) catalysts (56). Therefore, it is believed that work on the chemical modification of natural (and synthetic) clays, and work on the preparation and characterization of new pillared clays with improved hydrothermal stability are, and will remain, areas of interest to the academic community, as well as to researchers in industrial laboratories (56). 

The existing network of ChemKit business contacts and the individual partners contacts with industry experts is seen as another pillar of ChemKit s market entry. These boost both the credibility and the reputation of ChemKit. Key co-operation partners such as the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber are important as door-openers to potential ChemKit customers. Owing to their experience with introducing new ideas and models and their large database, they help ChemKit to quickly and efficiently contact its relevant target audience. 

The spectrum of BASF s activities in China ranges beyond economic considerations it is also supporting environmental and social projects, the two other pillars of sustainable development, in the country. 

Although unprecedented in its scale and scope, the main pillars of the EU ETS were built on many years of economic research into theories of emissions trading, combined with practical experience of emission trading schemes principally in the USA. Yet the analogies are far from exact, and the emerging experience with the EU ETS is beginning to highlight the profound nature of the differences - many of which have thus far been under-appreciated in economic and policy analysis. 

Life cycle costing (LCC), also called life cycle management (LCM), is another toolbox based on life cycle concepts [83, 84]. It includes aspects related to the three pillars of sustainability an environmental tool, an economic tool and a social tool. 

From the viewpoint of making catalysts at a competitive price, three important criteria need to be met (i) use the whole clay material, after minimal refining (i. e., low cost), (ii) pillar the Ca or (Ca, Na) forms, not only the Na forms (i. e., no preexchange), and (iii) be able to use clay-polyoxocation concentrations (> 15 % wtw solids) that can be economically and effectively spray-dried to give a usable particle size distribution (40-200 pm) [8]. Non-purified clays as starting materials... 

Since the late 1980s, acid rain politics has been a matter taken up increasingly aggressively by the European Communities, the pillar of the European Union that addresses economic and environmental cooperation. The European Council of Environmental Ministers and the European Commission have come to play increasingly important roles in shaping acid rain policy measures in Europe. The European Council of Environmental Ministers brings together the environmental ministers of the member states to set the... 

The oil crisis of 1973 brought home the fact, anticipated in the Report of the Club of Rome Project , that fossil fuels are non-renewable resources, and that natural gas and oil, which have been the twin pillars of the chemical industry for several decades, will be exhausted before coal. Moreover, the resources of oil are not equally distributed over the world and this makes formation of cartels easier (although it cannot of course guarantee their success). The free-world chemical industry is therefore quite vulnerable and can easily be a hostage to political pressure. Since the resources of coal are estimated to be four to six times larger than those of oil and are better spread over the world, coal utilization received a great impulse in 1973. A modest but important success of the efforts to find alternatives for oil and gas is already observable the lowest economic prices of alternative fuels, and of chemicals from alternative raw materials, now form the upper limit for prices dictated by the oil producing countries. 

Baiyin It has focused on the establishment of economic support, fostering multi-pillar industry, accelerated the fostering of non-ferrous metals and rare earth new materials, fine chemical industry integration, energy and new energy sources which were the eight pillar industries . 

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