Economic Tools

These are the types of economic measures that are or could be used within the policy of fighting noise they include tax payments and noise emission payments, economic stimuli as the motivation to reduce noise and develop low-noise products, and compensation payments to those exposed to noise. 

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If weight is of paramount importance, these connections can be supplied with a smaller O.D. or shorter tottg space on box and pin. or a combination of the two to afford mux-imum wei t reduction without uciincing safety in the joint. However, where posdble, the manufacturers recommend ordering the joints shown to obtain the maximum economical tool joint service. 

There is a bewildering variety of multidimensional NMR techniques available to the modem NMR spectroscopist interested in stmcture elucidation, and used in a concerted fashion these provide efficient and economical tools for determining chemical structures. There is a trade-off implicit in the use of multidimensional experiments, between the volume of information that they provide and the minimum time taken to perform them in most cases the extended experimental duration is more than compensated for by the wealth of structural information revealed. For a small proportion of stmctural problems, however, such experiments may provide far more information than is actually required, and where only a few critical parameters need to be measured they may represent a far from efficient use of spectrometer time. 

Durazo, A. and Abu-Omar, M. M., Deuterium NMR spectroscopy is a versatile and economical tool for monitoring reaction kinetics in ionic liquids, Chem. Commun., 66, 2002. 

Richard C. Alkire, University of Illinois To make investments today, your industry and many others use sophisticated economic tools based on assessment of risk for leases of contracts, options, and the like where there s uncertainty in the future. Can those tools be used to deal with research ... 

The expressions eqs. (1.197), (1.199), (1.200), (1.201) are completely general. From them it is clear that the reduced density matrices are much more economical tools for representing the electronic structure than the wave functions. The two-electron density (more demanding quantity of the two) depends only on two pairs of electronic variables (either continuous or discrete) instead of N electronic variables required by the wave function representation. The one-electron density is even simpler since it depends only on one pair of such coordinates. That means that in the density matrix representation only about (2M)4 numbers are necessary to describe the system (in fact - less due to antisymmetry), whereas the description in terms of the wave function requires, as we know n 2m-n) numbers (FCI expansion amplitudes). However, the density matrices are rarely used directly in quantum chemistry procedures. The reason is the serious problem which appears when one is trying to construct the adequate representation for the left hand sides of the above definitions without addressing any wave functions in the right hand sides. This is known as the (V-representability problem, unsolved until now [51] for the two-electron density matrices. The second is that the symmetry conditions for the electronic states are much easier formulated and controlled in terms of the wave functions (Density matrices are the entities of the second power with respect to the wave functions so their symmetries are described by the second tensor powers of those of the wave functions). 

A wide range of quantum-chemical methods have been used for studying properties of carbene analogs R2E (E = Ge, Sn, Pb) and various aspects of their chemistry. They include semiempirical methods (MNDO, AMI and PM3), ab initio calculations at various levels and approaches based on density functional theory (DFT) which, in the last decade, emerged as a reliable and economic tool for modeling ground state properties and reaction dynamics of intermediates. 

Economic tools already applied include charges, paid by each source operator for generating emissions. There are no emission limits set directly for the CO2, though its generation is influenced indirectly through charges for other pollutants. From other applied economic tools the following should be mentioned the consumer tax on carbohydrate fuels and oils and the road tax. 

Life cycle costing (LCC), also called life cycle management (LCM), is another toolbox based on life cycle concepts [83, 84]. It includes aspects related to the three pillars of sustainability an environmental tool, an economic tool and a social tool. 

Multicomponent reactions offer the possibility to introduce structural variations at more than two positions of a basic scaffold in a single step (for recent reviews, see [37]). In many cases at least some classes of components are commercially available in great numbers and reasonable structural diversity, e.g., in the case of the Ugi reaction, primary amines, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. For these reasons, multicomponent reactions provide, at least in principle, one of the most economical tools for synthesizing large libraries. 

Such levy is a key economical tool able to convert into business a simple service activity. All producers and importers working in Italy are subject to pay this levy. 

With laser beams, materials can be precisely removed in a noncontact and reproducible manner. The ability to drill or machine a variety of materials, including metals, polymers, and ceramics, as well as composites and thin films, laser beams can be an efficient and economical tool in a number of industrial applications (O Neill 2004). 

In order to produce sound fineblanking dies economically, tool standards need to be developed for various types of presses. These typically cover standardized dimensions assigned to tooling, as per Fig. 11 ... 

In this regard, plasma treatment is an effective and economical tool in the field of surface modification, which may be used quickly, easily and it does not require relatively expensive devices for its operation. The primary effect of plasma treatment is to convey reactivity to the treated surfaces via electrons, ions and UV-radiation confining the treatment to the top layer without affecting bulk properties. For these reason, plasma surface modification has been done on different materials, such as polymers, carbon fibres, ceramics, and proteins [7-9]. 

The most important impact on the power input necessary for suspension comes from the impeller type. Axially working impellers are the most economic tools for suspending. A comparison of a Viscoprop impeller with a Rushton turbine shows that the Viscoprop impeller is able to reach the same result with less than 1/3 of the energy consumption. It has to be considered that for shear-sensitive particles such as needle- or plate-shaped crystals the power input is of less importance than particle exposure to the local specific energy dissipation rate. 

Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilisation, 1996. The policy of appeasement was a subtle economic tool, productivity channelled directly to defence. Long-term stability made room enough for invention. 

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