Disorder effects

In molecular doped polymers the variance of the disorder potential that follows from a plot of In p versus T 2 is typically 0.1 eV, comprising contributions from the interaction of a charge carrier with induced as well as with permanent dipoles [64-66]. In molecules that suffer a major structural relaxation after removal or addition of an electron, the polaron contribution to the activation energy has to be taken into account in addition to the (temperature-dependent) disorder effect. In the weak-field limit it gives rise to an extra Boltzmann factor in the expression for p(T). More generally, Marcus-type rates may have to be invoked for the elementary jump process [67]. 

The definition of desired therapeutic and side effects in the case of the benzodiazepines very much depends on the clinical problem in question. The sedative and hypnotic actions are desired effects in the treatment of insomnia, but undesired effects in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Effects that are usually undesired include daytime drowsiness, potentiation of the sedative effects of ethanol, and anterograde amnesia. They are mediated via the benzodiazepine site of GABAa receptors, since they can be antagonized with flumazenil. 

Disorder Effects on endocannabinoid levels Potential drugs... 

FIG. 8 Schematic representation of the ordering/disordering of acyl chains within a bilayer. Note the strong disordering effect of a gauche conformer. 

G-protein-coupled cyclic AMP signaling in postmortem brain of subjects with mood disorders effects of diagnosis, suicide, and treatment at the time of death. J. Neurochem. 73, 1121-26. 

Martin P, Lemonnier F. (1994). [The role of type 2 serotonin receptors, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C, in depressive disorders effect of medifoxamine]. Encephale. 20(4) 427-35. 

The clinical effects of chloroform toxicity on the central nervous system are well documented. However, the molecular mechanism of action is not well understood. It has been postulated that anesthetics induce their action at a cell-membrane level due to lipid solubility. The lipid-disordering effect of chloroform and other anesthetics on membrane lipids was increased by gangliosides (Harris and Groh 1985), which may explain why the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer of neuronal membranes, which has a large ganglioside content, is unusually sensitive to anesthetic agents. Anesthetics may affect calcium-dependent potassium conductance in the central nervous system (Caldwell and Harris 1985). The blockage of potassium conductance by chloroform and other anesthetics resulted in depolarization of squid axon (Haydon et al. 1988). 

Harris RA, Groh GI. 1985. Membrane disordering effects of anesthetics are enhanced by gangliosides. Anesthesiology 62 115-119. 

Cortis A, Chen Y, Scher H, Berkowitz B (2004) Quantitative characterization of pore-scale disorder effects on transport in homogeneous granular media. Phys Rev E 70, 041108, DOl 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.041108... 

Koenigsberg HW, Poliak CP, Fine J, Kakimia T (1994) Cardiac and respiratory activity in panic disorder effects of sleep and sleep lactate infusions. Am J Psychiatry 151 1148-1152 Kramer MS, Cutler NR, Ballenger JC, Patterson WM, Mendels J (1995) A placebo-controlled trial of L-365,260, a CCK antagonist, in panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 37 462-466 Le Mell4do JM, Bradwein J, Koszycki D, Bichet DG, BeUavance F (1998) The role of the P-noradrenergic system in cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide-induced panic symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 44 364-366... 

Veltman DJ, van Zijderveld GA, van Dyck R (1996) Epinephrine infusions in panic disorder a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 39 133-140 Westenberg HGM, Den Boer JA (1989) Serotonin fimction in panic disorder effect of L-5-hydroxytryptophan in patients and controls. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 98 283-285 Wetzler S, Asnis GM, DeLecuona JM (1996) Serotonin function in panic disorder intravenous administration of meta-chlorophenylpiperazine. Psychiatry Res 62 77-82 Wiedemann K, Jahn H, Yassom-idis A, Kellner M (2001) Anxiolyticlike effects of atrial natrim-etic peptide on cholecystokinin tetrapeptide-induced panic attacks. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58 371-377... 

In (1), Hq yields the total energy of system in which the molecules and the lattice are excited, yet there are no interactions between molecules and the lattice. The transfer of an electron from site m to site n is given by //j. Polaronic effects, i.e., effects due to the interaction of the electronic excitation and the lattice, are given by H2 and H. hi H2, the energy of the site is reduced by the interaction with the lattice vibration. In H, the lattice vibration alters the transition probability amplitude from site m to n. The term lattice vibration may refer to inter-molecular or intra-molecular vibrations. Static disorder effects are considered in H4, which describes the changes to the site energy or transition probabihty amplitude by variations in the structure of the molecular sohd. 

Increased striatal dopamine transporter in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder effects of methyl-... 

McDougle, C.J., Goodman, W.K., Leckman, J.F., Barr, L.C., Henin-ger, G.R., and Price, L.H. (1993). The efficacy of fluvoxamine in obsessive compulsive disorder effects of comorbid chronic tic disorder./ Clin Psychopharmacol 13 354—358. 

Biederman, J., Wilens, T., Mick, E., Milberger, S., Spencer, T., and Faraone, S., (1995b) Psychoactive substance use disorder in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder effects of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry 152 1652— 1658. 

Garcia-Sevilla JA, Guimon J, Garcia-Vallejo P, et al Biochemical and functional evidence of supersensitive platelet alpha-2-adrenoceptors in major affective disorder effect of long-term lithium carbonate treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43 51-57, 1986... 

Koenigsberg HW, Poliak CP, Fine J, et al Cardiac and respiratory activity in panic disorder effects of sleep and sleep lactate infusions. Am J Psychiatry 151 1148-1152, 1994... 

Manji HK, Chen G, Shimon H, et al Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins in bipolar affective disorder effects of long-term lithium treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 135-144, 1995... 

McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, I eckman JF, et al The efficacy of fluvoxamine in obsessive compulsive disorder effects of comorbid chronic tic disorder. J Clin... 

Zohar J, Insel TR, Zohar-Kadouch R, et al Serotonergic responsivity in obsessive compulsive disorder effects of chronic clomipramine treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45 167-172, 1988a... 

Charney, D.S., Woods, S.W., Heninger, G.R. Noradrenergic function in generalized anxiety disorder effects of yohimbine in healthy subjects and patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res. 27(2), 173—182, 1989. 

Nj and Oj in equation (2.4) represent the number of atoms in the jth shell and root-mean-square deviation of the interatomic distances over Rj which results both from static and dynamic (thermal) disordering effects respectively. The scattering amplitude, Fj(k) is given by... 

Although measurements continue to be made, it seems quite clear that native DNA is certainly not the band-type conductor first suggested by Eley and Spivey [35]. Disorder effects, polaron coupling, and the narrow band nature of the transport all suggest that A-DNA, or any native DNA, should be an insulator at long length scales. Quoted measurements indeed support this conductivity of less than 10 S/cm [76], or l/g>10 2 for lengths 40 nm [65], -4-10 ° Q for poly(GC) [77], or >10 2 for 1.8-/im DNA [52]. 

Obviously the surface disordering effect of field evaporation can be... 

Growing degree of substitutional disorder results in a reduction of the other above-mentioned quantities. However, the microscopic mechanism, which mediates disorder to Tc and to the other physical quantities, is not yet clarified. Typical scenarios for disorder effects could be the peak of the density of states at the Fermi level, N(Ef), may be broadened or the phonon spectrum may be modified by disorder (Manalo et al. 2001) or the scattering rate of the conduction electrons may increase. 

---