Major affective disorders

Lake, C. R., Pickar, D., Ziegler, M. G. etal. (1982). High plasma norepinephrine levels in patients with major affective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 139, 1315-18. 

Furlong RA, Ho L, Rubinsztein JS, Walsh C, Paykel ES, Rubinsztein DC (1998) No association of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene with bipolar affective disorder, unipolar affective disorder, or suicidal behaviour in major affective disorder. Am J Med Genet 81 245-247 Gaiter D, Unsicker K (2000a) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and trkB are essential for cAMP-mediated induction of the serotonergic neuronal phenotype. J Neurosci Res 61 295-301... 

The clinical efficacy of classic TCAs and MAOIs in major affective disorder is not in question. Controlled studies also support the efficacy of bupropion, although dose-response relationships have not been established. 

Garcia-Sevilla JA, Guimon J, Garcia-Vallejo P, et al Biochemical and functional evidence of supersensitive platelet alpha-2-adrenoceptors in major affective disorder effect of long-term lithium carbonate treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43 51-57, 1986... 

Huang S, Fortune KP, Wank SA, et al Multiple affinity states of different cholecystokinin receptors. J Biol Chem 269 26121-26126, 1994 Hudson JL, Pope HG, Jonas JM, et al Phenomenologic relationship of eating disorders to major affective disorder. Psychiatry Res 9 345-354, 1983 Huey LY, Janowshy, DS, Judd LL, et al Effects of lithium carbonate on methylphenidate-induced mood, behavior, and cognitive processes. Psychopharmacology 73 161-164, 1981... 

Lapierre YD, Browne M, Horn E, et al Treatment of major affective disorder with fluvoxamine. J Clin Psychiatry 48 65-68, 1987 Lapierre YD, Ravindran AV, Bakish D Dysthymia and serotonin. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 8 (suppl 2) 87-90, 1993 Lapin 1, Oxenkrug G Intensification of the central serotonergic process as a possible determinant of thymoleptic effect. Lancet 1 132-136, 1969 Larkin JG, McKee PJ, Blacklaw J, et al Nimodipine in refractory epilepsy a placebo-controlled, add-on study. Epilepsy Res 9 71-77, 1991 Larsson LI, Rehfeld JF Localization and molecular heterogeneity of cholecystokinin in the central and peripheral nervous system. Brain Res 165 201-218, 1979 Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, Casanova M, et al Selective abnormality of prefrontal serotonergic receptors in schizophrenia a post mortem study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50 810-818, 1993... 

Meltzer HY, Lowy M, Robertson A, et al Effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan on serum cortisol levels in major affective disorders 111. Effect of antidepressants and lithium carbonate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41 391-397, 1984... 

Muhlbauer HD, Muller-Oerlinghausen B Fenfluramine stimulation of serum cortisol in patients with major affective disorders and healthy controls further evidence for a central serotonergic action of lithium in man. J Neural Transm 61 81-94, 1985... 

Zis AP, Goodwin FK Major affective disorders as a recurrent illness a critical review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36 835-839, 1979... 

Duffy, A. Toward effective early intervention and prevention strategies for major affective disorders a review of antecedents and risk factors. Can. J. Psychiatry 45(4), 340-348, 2000. 

Black DW, Winokur G, Nasrallah A. Suicide in subtypes of major affective disorder a comparison with general population suicide mortality. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987 44 878-880. 

Fawcett J, Scheftner W, Clark D, et al. Clinical predictors of suicide in patients with major affective disorders a controlled prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 1987 144 35-40. 

Jeste DV, LohrJB, Goodwin FK. Neuroanatomical studies of major affective disorders. A review and suggestions for further research. Br J Psychiatry 1988 153 444-459. 

Craddock, N., Owen, M., Burge, S., Kurian, B., Thomas, P., and McGuffin, P., 1994, Familial cosegregation of major affective disorder and Darier s disease (keratosis follicularis). Br J Psychiatry, 164 ... 

Jones, I., Jacobsen, N., Green, E. K., Elvidge, G. P., Owen, M. J., and Craddock, N., 2002, Evidence for familial cosegregation of major affective disorder and genetic markers flanking the gene for Darier s disease. Mol Psychiatry, 7 424-7. 

Affective illness is a recurrent illness characterized by episodes of depression -and in some cases, mania - that recur and remit repeatedly during the course of a patient s life. A group of minor conditions characterized by chronic intermittent symptomatology such as dysthymia or cyclothymia also exists. Sleep research over the past decades has primarily focused on major affective disorders such as unipolar or bipolar disorders, and minor affective conditions have been neglected in the research literature. Accordingly, the present chapter will largely rely on publication in that field. 

It now seems probable that specific disturbances occur in the immune system in psychiatric illness that are not artefacts of non-specific stress factor, institutionalization or medication. The known effects of the neuroendocrine system on the immune response, and the recent evidence that receptor sites for neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine factors occur on lymphocytes and macrophages, support the hypothesis that immunological abnormalities may assist in precipitating the symptoms of anxiety and depression, commonly symptoms of major affective disorders. 

Although visual hallucinations are quite rare in schizophrenia and major affective disorder, they are the very hallmark of organic delirium. 

Black, D., Winokur, G., Mohandoss, E., Woolson, R., Nasrallah, A. (1989). Does treatment influence mortality in depressives A followup of 1076 patients with major affective disorders. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 1, 165-173. 

This is a chronic disorder, with approximately one-third of individuals later developing a major affective disorder (Akiskal et al., cited by Hirschfeld and Goodwin 1988). Cyclothymia is so strikingly consistent with bipolar disorder with regard to symptoms, family history, course, and treatment response, that some clinicians argue for its categorization as a variant of bipolar disorder. 

Brown AS, van Os J, Driessens C, Hoek HW, Susser ES. Further evidence of relation between prenatal famine and major affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2000 157 190-195. 

Bryant SG, Brown CS. Current concepts in clinical therapeutics Major affective disorders, part 1. Clin Pharmacol 1986 5 304-318. 

Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Hennen J. Lithium treatment and suicide risk in major affective disorders Update and new findings. J Clin Psychiatry 2003 64(Suppl 5) 44-52. 

Benkelfat, C., Ellenbogen, M. A., Dean, R, Palmour, R. M., and Young, S. N., Mood-lowering effect of tryptophan depletion. Enhanced susceptibility in young men at genetic risk for major affective disorders, Arch. Gen. Psychiatr., 51, 687, 1994. 

A. M., and Benkelfat, C., The effect of tryptophan depletion on mood in medication-free, former patients with major affective disorder, Neuropsychopharmacology, 16, 294, 1997. 

LF sometimes is used as an alternative or adjunct to antidepressants in severe, especially melancholic, recurrent depression, as a supplement to antidepressant treatment in acute major depression, including in patients who present clinically with only mild mood elevations or hypomania (bipolar II disorder), or as an adjunct when later response to an antidepressant alone is unsatisfactory. In major affective disorders, LT has stronger evidence of reduction of suicide risk than any other treatment. Clinical experience also suggests the utility of IF in the management of childhood disorders that are marked by adult-like manic depression or by severe changes in mood and behavior, which are probable precursors to bipolar disorder in adults. Evidence of efficacy of Li in many additional episodic disorders (e.g., premenstrual dysphoria, episodic alcohol abuse, and episodic violence) is unconvincing. 

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