Physiological effect disorders

Raleigh, M.J., Brammer, G.L., and McGuite, M.T. (1983) Male dominance, serotonergic systems, and the behavioral and physiological effects of drugs in vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aeth-iops sabaeus). In Miczek, K., ed. Ethopharmacology Primate Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. New York Alan R. Liss,... 

Uhde, T.W., Stein, M.B., Vittone, B.J., Siever, L.J., Boulenger, J.P., Klein, E., and Mellman, T.A. Behavioral and physiological effects of short-term and long-term administration of clonidine in panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46 353. 

Most attempts of using hormones as psychotropic medications were conducted with gonadal or with thyroid hormones, mainly because of the apparent mood changes associated with physiological or disorder-associated changes in levels or activity of these hormones. However, as shown in Table 17-1, current applications are broader and involve several hormones and systems. It is anticipated that, with acquired knowledge on mood effects of several other hormones, that list will continue to expand. Here, I focus on psychotropic effects of gonadal and thyroid hormones. Cortisol and melatonin are only briefly discussed. 

G. The fear or avoidance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance [e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition and is not better accounted for by another mental disorder [e.g., panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, separation anxiety disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, a pervasive developmental disorder, or schizoid personality disorder). 

Furthermore, the disturbance is not due to physiological effects of a drug of abuse, medication, or general medical condition, is not better accounted for by brief psychotic disorder, and is not merely an exacerbation of a preexisting Axis I or Axis II disorder ( 252). This diagnostic category, however, has provoked considerable discussion about its validity and inclusion in DSM-IV (296, 297, 298, 299, 300 and 301). 

Grades JM. Physiological effects of botulinum toxin in spasticity Mov Disord. 2004 19(suppl 8) S120-S128. 

Other Pathologies. Because of their many varied physiologic effects, the eicosanoids are involved in a number of other pathologic conditions. Prostaglandins have been implicated in cardiovascular disorders (hypertension), neoplasms (colon cancer), respiratory dysfunction (asthma), neurologic disorders (multiple... 

The effective management of insomnia begins with recognition and adequate assessment. Family doctors and other health care providers should routinely enquire about sleep habits as a component of overall health assessment. Identification and treatment of primary psychiatric disorders, medical conditions, circadian disorders, or specific physiological sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea and periodic limb movement disorder, are essential steps in the management of insomnia [8],... 

If the insomnia is precipitated or aggravated by another sleep disorder or mental disorder, or if it is due to the direct physiological effects of a substance of abuse or a general medical condition, then the other disorder is termed primary and the insomnia secondary [13, 14],... 

The source of the ergot strongly influences the type of alkaloids present, as well as the clinical picture of ergotism [171]. The ergot alkaloids have three types of physiological effects they cause contraction of smooth muscle, they block the action of serotonin and adrenaline, and they act on the hypothalamic-pituitary system to inhibit the secretion of prolactin. These properties have led to their being used to induce uterine contractions, to relieve migraine headaches, and to treat prolactin-dependent disorders. 

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