Lactate infusion

Dager SR, Rainey JM, Kenny MA, Artru AA, Metzger GD, Bowden DM. (1990). Central nervous system effects of lactate infusion in primates. Biol Psychiatry. 27(2) 193-204. 

Koenigsberg HW, Poliak CP, Fine J, Kakimia T (1994) Cardiac and respiratory activity in panic disorder effects of sleep and sleep lactate infusions. Am J Psychiatry 151 1148-1152 Kramer MS, Cutler NR, Ballenger JC, Patterson WM, Mendels J (1995) A placebo-controlled trial of L-365,260, a CCK antagonist, in panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 37 462-466 Le Mell4do JM, Bradwein J, Koszycki D, Bichet DG, BeUavance F (1998) The role of the P-noradrenergic system in cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide-induced panic symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 44 364-366... 

Coplan J, Sharma T, Rosenblum LA Effects of sodium lactate infusion on cisternal lactate and carbon dioxide levels in nonhuman primates. Am J Psychiatry 149 1369-1373, 1992b... 

Koenigsberg HW, Poliak CP, Fine J, et al Cardiac and respiratory activity in panic disorder effects of sleep and sleep lactate infusions. Am J Psychiatry 151 1148-1152, 1994... 

Margraf J, Ehlers A, Roth WT, et al Sodium lactate infusions and panic attacks a review and critique. Psychosom Med 48 23-51, 1986... 

The C02 inhalation challenge and sodium lactate infusion challenge paradigms show high specificity for panic disorder but less sensitivity than the cholecystokinin (CCA) or methyl-chlorophenylpiperazine (niCPP) challenge tests, which are also able to provoke panic symptoms and anxiety in health volunteers. Flumazenil a benzodiazepine antagonist can provoke panic attacks in some panic disorder patients but with lower sensitivity than sodium lactate infusion, C02 or CCK. 

There are clear biological distinctions between OCD and PD. For example, panic attacks are produced by CO 2 inhalation, lactate infusion, yohimbine administration, psychostimulants, isoproterenol, and mCPP. By contrast, none of these agents except mCPP exacerbates obsessions or compulsions. Furthermore, OCD is benefited most by clomipramine or SSRIs, whereas panic attacks are helped by a variety of antidepressants (e.g., TCAs, SSRIs, MAOIs). 

I Increased sensitivity to inhaled CO2 in panic disorder leading to panic anxiety (but paradoxically voluntary hyperventilation, causing hypocapnia, can also induce panic). I Lactate infusion (possibly by altering acid-base balance) provokes panic in attxious patients but not in controls. 

The client who has had abdominal surgery has an IV of Ringer s lactate infusing at 150 mL/hour. The nurse is hanging a new bag of fluid. The IV administration set delivers 10 gtts/mL. At what rate would the nurse set the infusion ... 

Ringer lactate infusion solution Infusion volume and concentration adapted... 

Effect of sodium lactate infusion on urate clearance in man, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 96 809 (1957)... 

But if we infuse glucagon plus lactate simultaneously there is a sharp rise in the content of GBP and a decrease in the quantity of FDP, thereby augmenting the ratio G6P/FDP to more than 100 as a reflection of the flow reversal. - The following table shows once more the adjustment of the steady state of glucose-6-phosphate and fructosediphosphate under the effect of insulin. As is to be expected of an antagonist the effects of insulin are the exact opposite, i.e. with insulin the content of GBP falls and that of FDP rises the ratio of GBP/FDP is only 2. The effect of insulin also becomes particulary clear by simultaneous lactate infusion the GBP level no more rises. 

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