English Parliament

In England, the Magna Carta provided a standard of measurement for the sale of ale and wine. In 1643, the English Parliament proposed the first tax on distilled spirits. In the American colonies, William Kieft, Director General of New Nethedand, imposed the first liquor tax of two guilders on each half vat of beer in 1640. Alexander Hamilton initiated an excise tax on domestic spirits in 1791. The tax was resented and ultimately repealed in 1800 by Thomas Jefferson. Except during the War of 1812, domestic spirits remained untaxed until 1862. At that time, a tax of 0.02/L was implemented, which has been increased periodically. In January 1991, the Pederal Excise Tax on distilled spirits was raised to 3.56 per titer or 13.50 per proof gallon. In addition, many states have substantially increased the state excise taxes on distilled spirits. 

Spurred by Chadwick s efforts, in 1848 the English Parliament enacted the first Public Health Act and the Nuisances Removal and Diseases Prevention Act. These laws established prevention of disease - employing interventions by public authorities at the scale of the population, not just the individual - as the central tenets of the public health approach. 

The English Parliament finally outlawed alchemy between 1403 and 1404 because Edward II employed a number of alchemists to counterfeit coin of the realm. Parliament legislated that the multiplication of gold and silver was punishable as a felony with sentences of death and forfeiture of goods. 

Although the English Parliament had banned alchemy, the Parliament itself sought to gain from it and established Parliamentary Commissions in 1456 and 1457 to ascertain whether alchemy could be a feasible method of pa dng off national debts. Shortly afterwards, Richard Carter was issued a license for alchemy in 1476. He experimented with all kinds of metals and minerals. As late as 1680, Sir Isaac Newton was quietly experimenting with alchemy, whilst administering the Royal Mint. 

The English Civil War between the king and Parliament breaks out. One of the issues of contention is control of the militia, the trained bands of armed citizens who make up an important part of the nation s military power. 

I might add that the number of words needed as we transit between languages also has do with syntax and spelling conventions. In German Bundestag is one word, whereas Federation parliament in English is two and chambre de deputes de la federation in French is six. 

The official Chemicals Policy adopted by Parliament is not available in English. The analysis of Swedish chemicals policy has therefore been carried out on the most recent document relating to the Swedish chemicals policy, Summary of Documentation for In-Depth Evaluation of the Environmental Quality Objective of a Non-Toxic Environment [546] and the Swedish Environmental Quality Objectives [351]. 

The French revolution began just as conservatively as the English, indeed much more so. Absolutism, particularly as it manifested itself finally in France, was here, too, an innovation, and It was against this innovation that the parliaments rose and defended the old laws, the us et coutumes of the old monarchy based on estates. ... 

India was one of England s most lucrative colonial ventures. The English gentry made fortunes several times over from their investments in India. Exploitation of natural resources was assumed whenever European countries established territorial rights, and Parliament usually gave its blessing to any such enterprise in expectation of sharing in windfall profits. 

The committee that was finally chosen was composed of four English and three Indian members. Its mandate was extensive. It was to study the method used to cultivate cannabis, the kind of drugs made from the plant, and the effects of their consumption on the moral and social life of the people of India. In keeping with Parliament s primary concern, namely revenues, the committee was also instructed to inquire into "the various systems employed for taxing the drugs or cultivation of the plant... with special reference to the comparative incidence of this taxation in different parts of India and to the comparative efficacy of the taxation imposed in restricting consumption..."... 

The English finally returned the mystical Coronation Stone to Scotland on 30 November 1996, St Andrew s Day, in preparation for Queen Elizabeth II to open Scotland s new Parliament on July 1, 1999. 

December 1646 London returns a Presbyterian Common Council January 1647 The Scots depart from English soil, leaving the king in parliament s hands March 1647 Parliament begins to move to reduce the size of the New Model and to send men to Ireland... 

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