Dried biomass

Table 1. Estimate of Net Photo synthetic Production of Dry Biomass Carbon and Standing Biomass Carbon for World Biosphere ...

A report on the continuous flash pyrolysis of biomass at atmospheric pressure to produce Hquids iadicates that pyrolysis temperatures must be optimized to maximize Hquid yields (36). It has been found that a sharp maximum ia the Hquid yields vs temperature curves exist and that the yields drop off sharply on both sides of this maximum. Pure ceUulose has been found to have an optimum temperature for Hquids at 500°C, while the wheat straw and wood species tested have optimum temperatures at 600°C and 500°C, respectively. Organic Hquid yields were of the order of 65 wt % of the dry biomass fed, but contained relatively large quantities of organic acids. 

One method of analyzing net energetics of a biomass energy system is to let E E, and represent the energy content of the dry biomass feed, E ... 

There is a general understanding of the reasons why nutrients are critical to the productive capacity of biological systems. The dry biomass of plants and animals comprises some 20 elements, the predominant atoms being those of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Moreover, ideally they are required in fairly... 

Studies show that the production of 1kg dry biomass requires 2.0 kg sugar, 0.7 kg oxygen, 0.1 kg ammonia, with the liberation of 12,300 k Joules heat. A typical continuous fermentation operates at a dilution rate (D) = 0.2 h 1, with sugar concentration of 3% (w/v) in the incoming medium. With a fermentor of 50 m3 capacity and 90% utilisation of carbohydrate [ie 0.3% (w/v) sugar in the outgoing medium] what would be ... 

Wang et al.2 and Najafpour et al.3A worked with immobilised microbial cells of Nitrobacer agilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in gel beads, respectively. They found separately that the cells retained more than 90% of their activity after immobilisation by using specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) [mg 02g 1 (dry biomass) h 11 as the biomass activity indicator. Such differences in immobilised biomass and activity between free and immobilised biomass activities depend strongly on the particular characteristics of the microbial systems and their interaction with the support matrix. 

The actual energy content of even dried biomass is typically in the range 14-17 GJ tonne" , this being roughly one-third that of oil and significantly less than natural gas (55 GJ t" ), the most calorific fuel commonly used. 

This process is an extension of the anaerobic treatment of waste diseussed in Chapter 2, and is also similar to the natural process operating in landfill sites, which evolves methane. By treatment of biomass with bacteria in the absence of air a gas rich in methane can be produced a typical digester may produce over 300 m of gas containing over 50% methane per tonne of dry biomass. The economics of biogas generation for use as a fuel are currently unfavourable. The plants that do exist have been built because of the need to treat waste such as sewage sludge. 

This red color has not yet been approved for uses in foods or cosmetics. However, studies on rats fed with the dried biomass have not revealed any adverse growth or histological effects. Future efforts should thus be devoted toward obtaining official approval of use of the color in foodstuffs for human consumption. 

Lobbying by other P-carotene producers — In addition to approvals of mixed carotenes from palm oil, P-carotene from Dunaliella microalgae, and other natural products, the EU Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General was asked for an opinion on the safety of P-carotene from a dried biomass source, obtained from a fermentation process with Blakeslea trispora for use as a coloring matter for foodstuffs. 

The time courses of growth of H.annrmus 1805 cell suspension for 10,15 and 20% (v/v) inoculum used, were followed (fig. 1). In all three cases the maximum amount of synthesised dry biomass was 15 - 15.5 g/dm, and it was attained on the day, on the 8th and on the 10th day for a 20, 15 and 10 % inoculum used respectively. After the maximum was reached, the amount of biomass remained constant for 1 - 2 days, and then slight lysis was observed. 

Verma, V.K., Tewari, S., and Rai, J.P.N., Ion exchange during heavy metal bio-sorption from aqueous solution by dried biomass of macrophytes, Bioresource Technology, 99 (6), 1932-1938, 2008. 

Carbon represents about 50% of the total oven-dried biomass present in forests [32]. Estimation of carbon pools in forests necessarily involves studying the different strata of biomass present in them. In the different studies, the following carbon pools and variables were measured ... 

Finally, a novel process has been described for efficient photoconversion of low-grade organic materials such as waste biomass into polyesters. In this process, dry biomass has been thermally gasified which resulted in gas mixtures composed primarily of CO and H2. Photosynthetic bacteria photoassimilated components of the synthesized gas into new cell mass. Under unbalanced culture conditions, when growth was limited by several nutrients, up to 28 % of the new biomass was found to be poly(3HB) [37]. 

Mullen et al. (1989) reported that Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa were able to sorb an average of 89% of the total Ag+ and 12-27% of the total Cd2+, Cu2+ and La3+ from a ImM solution. Using polyacrylamide-entrapped cells of Brevibacterium sp strain PBZ, Simine et al. (1998) measured a sorption capacity of 40 mg g-1 and 13 mg g-1 dry biomass for Pb and Cd, respectively. Hall et al. (2001) isolated two bacterial strains of P. syringae that were tolerant to 1000 mg L-1 Cu. Similarly, Amoroso et al. (2001) were able to obtain Streptomyces spp. strains R22 and R25 with a high tolerance to Cr from sediments of the Sail River, Argentina. The cells of R22 and R25 could accumulate 10.0 and 5.6 mg Cr g-1 dry weight, respectively, from a concentration of 50 mg Cr mL 1. Cell fractionation studies with strain R22 showed that most of the chromium... 

The bioconversion process of Acid Orange 7 will be hereby analyzed. This is an incremental study with respect to that due to Lodato et al. [41], based on the operation of an airlift reactor with cells of Pseudomonas sp. 0X1 immobilized on natural pumice (density = 1,000 kg/m3 particle size = 800-1,000 pm). Details regarding the strain, medium, culture growth and main diagnostics of the liquid phase are reported by Lodato et al. [41]. Elemental analysis of dry biomass was obtained by a C/H/N 600 LECO analyzer. 

Pyrolysis and liquefaction processes take an intermediate position in the sense that they maintain some larger molecular characteristics. Pyrolysis is a process in which the biomass material is quickly heated. The thermal cracking process, de-polymerizes waste or dry biomass and produces a liquid of complex composition (Fig. 1.17). 

Using one liter of subsurface site material (containing 0.33 L of water and 0.67 L of solids Altoluene(1 = 0.1 L-kg-1) in an enclosed column in the laboratory, you flush it with water containing 100 /tM toluene and 02 (added as H202) in stoichiometric excess. You find the steady-state dry biomass is 10 mg biomass. L- (i.e., 30 mg biomass - L 1 of water). By varying the influent toluene concentration, you find the pmax on this substrate is 1 d l, the die-off coefficient is 0.15 d l, the half-saturation constant with respect to dissolved toluene is 10 fjM, and the dry biomass yield from toluene is 8 x 104 mg biomass.mor1 toluene. 

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