Diesel fuel analyses

The determination of fuel parameters was carried out according to standard procedures of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) for diesel fuels analysis at the Kenya Pipeline Company Limited (KPC), Nairobi, as outlined in Table 1. 

Reinhard, M., V. Drevenkar, and W. Giger. 1976. Effects of aqueous chlorination on the aromatic fraction of diesel fuel. Analysis by computer-assisted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. 116 43-51. 

Briker, Y. Ring, Z. laccheUi, A. Rahimi, P. Fairbridge, C. Malhotra, R Coggiola, M. Young, S., Diesel Fuel Analysis by GC-FIMS - Aromatics, n-Paraffins and Isoparaffins,... 

Petroleum Industry Gas chromatography is ideally suited for the analysis of petroleum products, including gasoline, diesel fuel, and oil. A typical chromatogram for the analysis of unleaded gasoline is shown in Figure 12.25d. 

Deals with new vehicle tecluiology, programs to regulate fuels, diesel fuel testing and analysis, and research on fuels and vehicle controls... 

European countries, including the UK, and covers about 5% of the total European diesel market. It contains less than 5 vol%. of mono-ring aromatics and less than 0.1 vol%. of di- and higher-ring aromatics. Eurthermore it is low in sulfur. Both EC and SEC methods have been developed for the rapid analysis of aromatics in diesel fuel. 

Different approaches utilizing multidimensional EC or SEC systems have been reported for the analysis of middle distillates in diesel fuel. A method, based on the EC separation of paraffins and naphthenes by means of a micro-particulate, organic gel column has been described (23, 24). The complete system contained up to four different EC columns, a number of column-switching valves and a dielectric constant detector. However, the EC column for the separation of paraffins and naphthenes, which is an essential part of the system, is no longer commercially available. 

Figure 14.16 Typical cliromatograms of LC (a) and SFC (b) analysis of aromatics in diesel fuel. Peak identification is as follows 1, total saturates 2, total aromatics 3, mono-aromatics 4, higher-ring aromatics.

Trauzl Test. 21,.4% of TNT when pure (Ref 26) for mixts see below Uses. It does not gelatinize NC (Ref 15). It improves the octane rating of diesel fuels (Ref 26). It decreases the polymerization rate of methyl methacrylate (Ref 24), and styrene (Ref 23), but. does not inhibit the reaction. A review of its use as an oxidizer in rocket propints is given in Ref 33. TeNMe gives yellow to orange colors with olefins and aromatic compds. This is used as a diagnostic test for the presence of these groups in org analysis (Refs 6, 9, 16, 17 29)... 

Hess A, B Zarda, D Hahn, A Haner, D Stax, P Hohener, J Zeyer (1997) In situ analysis of denitrifying toluene-and m-xylene-degrading bacteria in a diesel fuel-contaminated laboratory aquifer column. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 2136-2141. 

Results of the analysis are proposed in Table 8. Cultivation gives an important contribution to the final impact of truffle sauce, while truffle production has a reduced impact, because it is a very extensive production. Olive trees cultivation uses fertilizers, diesel fuel for field operations, electricity for the olives harvest, herbicides and pesticides. 

EPA-Diesel RIA, Regulatory Impact Analysis Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards and Highway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control Requirements. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Radiation EPA420-R-00-026, 2000. December. 

Analysis of nitroaromatics found by treating diesel fuel with NO2 (column A) compared to nitroaromatics found in extracts of filters of exhaust from a diesel engine (column B) or in extracts of diesel soot deposited in a dilution tunnel of an animal exposure system (13). 

Yu, Y., T.L. Wade, J. Fang, S. McDonald, and J.M. Brooks. 1995. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in Antarctic fish (Notothenia gibberifrons) injected with Diesel Fuel Arctic. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29 241-246. 

Eor the analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons, a moderately polar material stationary phase works well. The plate is placed in a sealed chamber with a solvent (mobile phase). The solvent travels up the plate, carrying compounds present in the sample. The distance a compound travels is a function of the affinity of the compound to the stationary phase relative to the mobile phase. Compounds with chemical structure and polarity similar to those of the solvent travel well in the mobile phase. For example, the saturated hydrocarbons seen in diesel fuel travel readily up a plate in a hexane mobile phase. Polar compounds such as ketones or alcohols travel a smaller distance in hexane than do saturated hydrocarbons. 

Hughey, C.A. Hendrickson, C.L. Rodgers, R.P. Marshall, A.G. Elemental Composition Analysis of Processed and Unprocessed Diesel Fuel by Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Energy Fuels 2001,15. 1186-1193. 

FT is most compatible with the existing distribution for conventional diesel and only minimal adjustments are required to obtain optimal performance from existing Cl engines. Physical properties of FT fuels are very similar to No. 2 diesel fuel, and its chemical properties are superior in that the FT process yields middle distillates that, if correctly processed (as through a cobalt-based catalyst), contain no aromatics or sulfur compounds. Thus, only FT and DME were considered feasible near-term substitutes in our analysis. 

Respiratory Effects. Pleural effusions and alveolar infiltrations were noted in a man who had washed his hair with an unknown amount of diesel fuel (Barrientos et al. 1977). The relative contributions from inhalation and dermal exposure could not be distinguished in this case. There was no throat irritation in six volunteers following a 15-minute exposure to a concentration reported to be 140 mg/m of deodorized kerosene vapor (Carpenter et al. 1976). The authors used a hot nichrome wire for the volatilization of their test material and reported that the concentration was probably the "highest attainable concentration at which vapor analysis is representative of liquid analysis." The air saturating concentration of kerosene is considered to approximate 100 mg/m (room temperature and 760 mmHg) and is dependent on the constituents of the mixture. 

An alternative method for fractionating and purifying petroleum hydrocarbons prior to GC or HPLC separation has been developed (Theobald 1988). The method uses small, prepacked, silica or Cjg columns that offer the advantage of rapid separation (approximately 15 minutes for a run) good recovery of hydrocarbons (85% for the Cjg column and 92% for the silica column) reusability of the columns and for the silica column in particular, good separation of hydrocarbon from non-hydrocarbon matrices as may occur with environmental samples. Infrared analysis and ultraviolet spectroscopy were used to analyze the aromatic content in diesel fuels these methods are relatively inexpensive and faster than other available methods, such as mass spectrometry, supercritical fluid chromotography, and nuclear magnetic resonance (Bailey and Kohl 1991). 

A two-dimensional supercritical fluid chromotography (SFC) system has been developed for the determination of saturates, alkenes, and mono-, di-, and tri-aromatics in diesel fuel. This technique results in a short analysis time (less than 8 minutes) and good relative standard deviations at low alkene content (Andersson et al. 1992). 

Andersson P, Demirbuker M, Blomberg L. 1992. Quantitative hydrocarbon group- analysis of gasoline and diesel fuel by supercritical fluid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography 595(1-2) 301-311. 

Bailey B, Kohl K. 1991. Chemical analysis of aromatics in diesel fuels. Southwest Research inst, San Antonio, TX. 

Diem D, Kerfoot H, Ross B. 1988. Field evaluation of a soil-gas analysis method for detection of subsurface diesel fuel contamination Second national outdoor action conference on aquifer restoration, ground water monitoring and geophysical methods. National Water Well Association Dublin, OH. 

A pilot-scale demonstration remediating harbor sediment was conducted 1 year before the SITE demonstration. Based on the pilot-scale demonstration, the processing costs for a fuU-scale, 110-ton/day unit were projected to be 230/ton (September 1992 U.S. dollars). It is assumed that the unit will be down approximately 30% of the time for maintenance and design improvements in the first year of operation. Based on this system availability, 28,105 tons can be processed in one year. This cost included estimates for variable costs, fixed costs, and deprecia-tion/insurance. Variable costs include diesel fuel for a mobile generator, hydrogen, and caustic. Fixed costs include labor diesel fuel for pumps, heaters, process equipment, and instrumentation propane, water and sewer and parts and supplies. Depreciation/insurance costs include capital cost depreciated over a 3-year period, general insurance costs, and pollution liabihty insurance. This analysis does not include costs for setup and demobilization (D128007, pp. 5.12-5.14). 

Senatore, A., M. Cardone, V. Rocco, and M.V. Prati. 2000. A Comparative Analysis of Combustion Process in D.I. Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel. Report No. 2001-01-0691. Warrendale, Pa. Society of Automotive Engineers. 

Nitrated glycols, especially the lower members such as ethylene-, propylene, tri-ethylene-, and diethyleneglycol nitrates, are used in expl and proplnt compns. Nitrates of the higher glycols, or polyglycols, were proposed as ingredients of Diesel fuels in order to raise their "cetane number (See Vol 2 of Encycl, p C145-R Analysis and Test Methods. 

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