1,1 -di ester

CH3 CH0H CH20H, a colourless, almost odourless liquid. It has a sweet taste, but is more acrid than ethylene glycol b.p. 187. Manufactured by heating propylene chlorohydrin with a solution of NaHCO under pressure. It closely resembles dihydroxyethane in its properties, but is less toxic. Forms mono-and di-esters and ethers. Used as an anti-freeze and in the preparation of perfumes and flavouring extracts, as a solvent and in... 

The xanthates react with alkyl halides to give the di-esters of dithiocarbonic acid 0=C(SH)2 S=C(SH)0H, for example ... 

Hydrocarbons and di-esters, otherwise rather inaccessible in a pure state, are conveniently prepared by electrol3rtic (anodic) synthesis. Thus simple couphng... 

Electrolysis, under similar conditions, of a mixture of two carboxylic acids RCOOH and R COOH leads, in addition to normal coupling products R—R and R —R, to cross coupling R—R. If a mixture of a saturated carboxylic acid and a half ester of an ato-dicarboxylic acid is electrolysed, there are three main products, viz., a hydrocarbon (I), a mono-ester (II), and a di-ester (HI) and these are readily separable by distillation. Some unsaturated ester (IV) is often present in small quantity. 

Sulfosuccinicacid di-ester sodium salt (Sulfosuc-cinate diester)... 

A. Synthetic Methods.—There have been no strikingly new approaches to the general problem of phosphorylation, but several ingenious methods of preparing suitable active esters under mild conditions have been reported. Typical of these is the reactive intermediate (1) formed from reaction of a mono- or di-ester of phosphoric acid with (2), itself produced by reaction of triphenylphosphine with bis(2-pyridyl) disulphide (preferably in the presence of mercuric ion as scavenger for the 2-mercaptopyridine liberated). 

The reactions of the tetrahalogenobenzynes with alkoxynaphtha-lenes, in accord with the results previously mentioned, result in addition at the 1,4-positions. Thus tetrafluorobenzyne reacts with 1,2,3,4-tetra-fluoro-5-methoxynaphthalene to form (82) in good yield 90>. Reactions with 2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene lead to the formation of the adducts [83, X = F or Cl) 123>. These compounds are relatively unstable and are transformed slowly in the open atmosphere. Thus [83, X = C1) affords the di-ester (84). 

Phosphate esters (9.20) represent a different class of hydrophile-characterised anionic surfactants mono- or di-esters can be formed depending on whether one or two alkyl groups are present. Most phosphate esters are based on alcohols and especially their ethoxylates,... 

Surface-active agents may be added during the processing of films (internal addition) or by surface treatment of the film (external addition). These tend to reduce the surface energy of the film/water droplet interface promoting a continuous film of water thus enhancing transparency. Examples include hydrophilic surfactants, such as sorbitol or glycerol fatty acid mono- or di-esters. 

An unexpected production of 2,4,6-triphenyl-l, 3,5-triazine in the electroreduction of 3,4-diphenyI-l,2,5-thiadiazole 1-oxide has been reported . Synthesis of 1,3-diyne derivatives of 2,4-diamino-l,3,5-triazine, 9a and 9b, has been accomplished by reaction of biguanidine with mono- and di-esters 8a and 8b, respectively <00T1233>. 

Accordingly, phosphoric acid mono- and di-esters permit uncatalyzed glycosyl transfer from 0-(glycosyl)trichloroacetimidates (52a,55-57,58a,58b). The reaction is thus very useful in the synthesis of glycophos-pholipids (1,55), which are important constituents of cell membranes (1). Commonly, direct phosphorylation at the anomeric hydroxyl group leads to... 

This is a general reaction. Thus ethylene oxide with phosphoric acid gives partial or complete esterification. Phosphorous acid, even when completely esterified, gives only the di-ester 1... 

A wide range of anionic surfactants (Fig. 23) has been classified into groups, including alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS), linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS), alcohol sulfates (AS), alcohol ether sulfates (AES), alkyl phenol ether sulfates (APES), fatty acid amide ether sulfates (FAES), alpha-olefin sulfates (AOS), paraffin sulfonates, alpha sulfonated fatty acids and esters, sulfonated fatty acids and esters, mono- and di-ester sulfosuccinates, sulfosuccinamates, petroleum sulfonates, phosphate esters, and ligno-sulfonates. Of the anionic surfactants, ABS and LAS continue to be the major products of anionic surfactants [314, 324]. Anionic surfactants have been extensively monitored and characterized in various environmental matrices [34,35,45,325-329]. 

High purity DMT is produced by esterification ofTPA. That is, the terephthalic acid is reacted with methanol to form the ester (actually a di-ester), in Figure 18-4. 

Sulfuric acid can form ester derivatives with alcohols, though since it is a dibasic acid (pAla — 3, 2) it can form both mono- and di-esters. Thus, acid-catalysed reaction of methanol with sulfuric acid gives initially methyl hydrogen sulfate, and with a second mole of alcohol the diester dimethyl sulfate. Though not shown here, the mechanism will be analogous to the acid-catalysed formation of carboxylic acid esters (see Section 7.9). 

Lou X, Detrembleur C, Jerome R (2003) Novel aliphatic polyesters based on functional cyclic (di)esters. Macromol Rapid Commun 24 161-172... 

In addition, compomers contain extra monomers from conventional composites, and these contain acidic functional groups. The most widely used monomer of this type is so-called TCB, which is a di-ester of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with butane tetracarboxylic acid [271]. This acid-functional monomer is a very minor component and compomers also contain some reactive glass powder of the type used in glass-ionomer cements [266]. 

A hydrolytic reaction starting from solid substrates was used to improve the kinetic resolution of a solid di-ester to a solubilized monoester [74]. In suspension processes, the concentration of the substrate enantiomer to be converted is close to saturation, whereas in a conventional process the concentration gradually decreases. Calculations showed that the presence of solid substrates could lead to a 6-fold increase in productivity as compared to the reaction in solution. 

Depending on the identity, number and position of the acyl residues, these acids may be divided into the following groups mono-esters of caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acid di-, tri- and tetra-esters of caffeic acid [14,15] mixed di-esters of caffeic and ferulic acid or caffeic and sinapic acid [16] mixed esters of caffeic acid with dibasic aliphatic acids (e.g., oxalic, succinic) [17]. 

Reaction XCI. (b) Oxidation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Aldehydes by the action of Chromic Acid in Acetic Anhydride Solution. (A., 311, 353 D.R.P., 121788.)—In the ordinary way, chromic acid oxidises hydrocarbons to aldehydes and then to acids. But if acetic anhydride and cone, sulphuric acid is present, the di-acetyl derivative of the aldehyde is formed and this does not undergo further oxidation. The aldehyde is obtained from the di-ester by hydrolysis. (Cf. the preparation of salicylaldehyde, p. 105.)... 

---