Development twofold

The challenges for visualization are at least twofold. Easter graphics hardware will be required to display and manipulate more complex data displays. More importantly, the human effort required to develop visualization systems must be reduced. It is the realm of the expert programmer to implement a usable visualization system. General purpose tools that allow the nonexpert to import data in different formats into robust visualization systems are just beginning to appear. 

The analytical tools to accomplish laminate design are at least twofold. First, the invariant laminate stiffness concepts developed by Tsai and Pagano [7-16 and 7-17] used to vary laminate stiffnesses. Second, structural optimization techniques as described by Schmit [7-12] can be used to provide a decision-making process for variation of iami-nate design parameters. This duo of techniques is particularly well suited to composite structures design because the simultaneous possibility and necessity to tailor the material to meet structural requirements exists to a degree not seen in isotropic materials. 

This tertiary ester was developed to reduce aspartimide and piperidide formation during the Fmoc-based peptide synthesis by increasing the steric bulk around the carboxyl carbon. A twofold improvement was achieved over the the standard Fbutyl ester. The Mpe ester is prepared from the acid chloride and the alcohol and can be cleaved under conditions similar to those used for the r-butyl ester. ... 

For example, if tube failure occurs due to caustic gouging corrosion, the root causes are most likely related to the effects resulting from the availability offree sodium hydroxide in the BW, coupled with the development of localized caustic concentration. Control generally requires a twofold approach to remove the causes of this particular problem ... 

From a historical point of view, organic macromolecules were developed first [5], and the reasons for this are basically twofold. On one side the ease of the preparation of these materials in a controlled and reproducible way [1] and the outstanding properties of the resulting organic polymers [6-8] on the other side the availability of oil on the market and the big effort put by oil companies into the production of a large variety of different monomers at very low prices [9]. 

In this study the problem of estimating an unknown function from its examples is revisited. Its mathematical description is attempted to map as closely as possible the practical problem that the potential NN user has to face. The objective of the chapter is twofold (1) to draw the framework in which NN solutions to the problem can be developed and studied, and (2) to show how careful considerations on the fundamental issues naturally lead to the Wave-Net solution. The analysis will not only attempt to justify the development of the Wave-Net, but will also refine its operational characteristics. The motivation for studying the functional estimation problem is the derivation of a modeling framework suitable for process control. The applicability of the derived solution, however, is not limited to control implementations. 

There are two pneumococcal vaccines, a 7-valent conjugated vaccine for children younger than 6 years of age and a 23-purified-capsular polysaccharide antigen vaccine for adults. The 23 capsular types in the vaccine represent at least 85% to 90% of the serotypes that cause invasive pneumococcal infections among children and adults in the United States.41 After vaccination, an antigen-specific antibody response, indicated by a twofold or greater rise in serotype-specific antibody, develops within 2 to 3 weeks in 80% or more of healthy young adults.42... 

A number of endocrine factors have been linked to the incidence of breast cancer.5,6 Many of these relate to the total duration of menstrual life. Early menarche (prior to age 12) and late menopause (after age 55) increase a women s breast cancer risk. Similarly, investigators have reported that bilateral oophorectomy prior to age 35 reduces the relative risk of developing breast cancer. Nulliparity and a late age at first birth (greater than or equal to 30 years) have been reported to increase the lifetime risk of developing breast cancer twofold. 

The majority of people who smoke never develop lung cancer. Genetic risk factors may predispose certain smokers to lung cancer. After adjustments for age, smoke exposure, occupation, and gender, relatives of a lung cancer patient have approximately a twofold risk of developing lung cancer. The... 

In summary, the advantages of our approach to studying gastric retention are twofold. First, hydrogel response to the gastric environment can be noninvasively visualized in real-time. Second, a more efficient and justifiable approach to the development of long-term oral drug delivery systems can be achieved. 

An elimination/double Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement process has recently been developed by Langer and coworkers [39]. Treatment of compound 1-136, obtained by reaction of 1-134 and 1-135, with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) led to the cationic species 1-137, which then underwent a twofold Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement to give the bicydic compound 1-139 via 1-138 (Scheme 1.34). 

Several other twofold cyclization strategies have been developed by Smith and coworkers, ultimately to obtain access to the cyclic framework of penitrem D with the correct stereochemistry [176]. Williams group has been interested in Stemona alkaloids, which are represented by approximately 50 structurally novel, polycyclic natu-... 

Taylor and coworkers also developed similar twofold intramolecular Li-mediated carboadditions [193]. In contrast to the aforementioned sequences, they were able to utilize functionalized triple bonds and to trap the intermediate lithiated species such as 2-352 with other electrophiles besides a proton. Such a 2.2.2 process will be discussed in the following section, which relates to threefold anionic domino processes. 

One very fascinating domino reaction is the fivefold anionic/pericydic sequence developed by Heathcockand coworkers for the total synthesis of alkaloids of the Daphniphyllum family [351], of which one example was presented in the Introduction. Another example is the synthesis of secodaphniphylline (2-692) [352]. As depicted in Scheme 2.154, a twofold condensation of methylamine with the dialdehyde 2-686 led to the formation of the dihydropyridinium ion 2-687 which underwent an intramolecular hetero- Diels-Alder reaction to give the unsaturated iminium ion 2-688. This cydized, providing carbocation 2-689. Subsequent 1,5-hydride shift afforded the iminium ion 2-690 which, upon aqueous work-up, is hydrolyzed to give the final product 2-691 in a remarkable yield of about 75 %. In a similar way, dihydrosqualene dialdehyde was transformed into the corresponding polycyclic compound [353]. 

Likewise, Sheridan s group developed a photoassisted twofold [6jt + 2ji] cyclization generating tetracycloundecadienes [35], while Dittami s group has reported on several impressive domino photocyclization/pericyclic processes of substrates of type 5-104, which are represented in Scheme 5.20 [36]. 

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