Higher-order cognitive skills

Tsaparlis, 2001 Tsaparlis, 1998 Tsaparlis Angelopoulos, 2000). A real/novel problem requires that the solver must be able to use what has been described as higher-order cognitive skills (HOCS) (Tsaparlis Zoller, 2003 Zoller, 1993 Zoller Tsaparlis, 1997). A more thorough classification of problem types has been made by Johnstone (Johnstone, 1993 Tsaparhs Angelopoulos, 2000). 

Expository-type laboratory activities will continue to be needed for the development of basic experimental skills of the students, despite their inefficiency in providing a realistic scientific environment and in promoting the use of higher-order cognitive skills. Even defenders of the conventiorral-type of laboratory and laboratory manrral do not claim that they are always wisely used, nor do they claim that they shorrldbe used exclusively (Ault, 2002 2004). However, the domirrant problem is that despite the fact that research has established the superiority of irrqrriry laboratory activities over verification laboratory activities, cookbook laboratory activities are still prevalent in many high school and college irrstitutions (Monteyne, Mark, Cracolice, 2004). ... 

Zoller, U., Pushskin, D. (2007). Matching higher-order cognitive skills (HOGS) promotion goals with problem-based laboratory practice in a freshman organic chemistry course. Chemistry Education Research cmdPractice, 8, 155-171... 

The Cambridge O and A level chemistry syllabuses, on the other hand, prescribe higher-order cognitive skills (HOCS) and application of chemistry in everyday life. The aims include helping students... 

Societal-oriented science education is suggested for many decades now and dates back at least to the 1980s. Over the years, many cases and research works were published. The studies took different aspects into focus. Positive results were found in questions of motivation and emotions, perception of relevance of chemistry education, the development of higher order cognitive skills, or promoting environmental attitudes and activism. ... 

Zoller, U., Tsaparlis, G. (1997). Higher and lower-order cognitive skills The case of chemistry. Research in Science Education, 27, 117-130. 

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