Characteristics flammable

For solid wastes to warrant management as hazardous wastes, they must meet one of four characteristics (flammability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity) or be listed on one of four lists, although some otherwise hazardous wastes by these definitions are excluded. Hazardous wastes carry one or more identifying waste codes four digits comprised of a letter (D, F, K, P, or U) followed by three numbers. For example, a flammable hazardous waste, possibly waste naphtha, carries the waste code DOOL... 

What letters are used by the EPA to identify lists of hazardous characteristics (flammability, corrosivity, reactivity, toxicity) of wastes ... 

The selection of a suitable solvent depends upon many factors including environmental acceptability, acceptable toxicity, performance characteristics, flammability, and availability. Environmental issues include ozone depletion potential, contribution to global warming, and the potential to produce smog due to VOCs. Many used, spent, or some unused solvents being disposed of are classified as hazardous waste and are subject to annual emissions re-... 

In adhering to fire safety precautions, employees should note that flammable and combustible materials must be stored according to their fire characteristics. Flammable liquids, for example, must be separated from other material by a fire wall. Also, other combustibles must be stored in an area where smoking and use of an open flame or a spark-producing device is prohibited. Dissimilar materials that are dangerous when they come into contact wdth each other must be stored apart. 

Many grades of acetal resins are Hsted in Underwriters Eaboratories (UL) Kecogni d Component Directory. UL assigns temperature index ratings indicating expected continuous-use retention of mechanical and electrical properties. UL also classifies materials on the basis of flammability characteristics homopolymer and copolymer are both classified 94HB. 

Hazards. The solvent should be nontoxic and nonhazardous adequate design must take into account flammability and explosivity characteristics of the solvent. 

Sulfur hexafluoride [2551-62-4] 6 molecular weight 146.07, is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It is not flammable and not particularly reactive. Its high chemical stabiUty and excellent electrical characteristics have led to widespread use in various kinds of electrical and electronic equipment such as circuit breakers, capacitors, transformers, microwave components, etc (see Electronic materials). Other properties of the gas have led to limited usage in a variety of unique appHcations ranging from medical appHcations to space research. 

MEK is a colorless, stable, flammable Hquid possessing the characteristic acetone-type odor of low molecular weight aUphatic ketones. MEK undergoes typical reactions of carbonyl groups with activated hydrogen atoms on adjacent carbon atoms, and condenses with a variety of reagents. Condensation of MEK with formaldehyde produces methylisopropenyl ketone (3-methyl-3-buten-2-one) ... 

The lower flammable limit (LEL) or lower explosive limit (LEL) is the minimum concentration of vapor in air below which a flame is not propagated when an ignition source is present (61—64). Below this concentration, the mixture is considered too lean to bum. The lower flammable limit and the flash point of a flammable Hquid are closely related by the Hquid s vapor pressure characteristics. 

The characteristics of flammable and combustible materials can be displayed on a ternary (triangular) graph. The characteristics of several common flammable and combustible materials are presented in Table 2. 

Fire and Explosion Prevention. Prevention of fire and explosion takes place in the design of chemical plants. Such prevention involves the study of material characteristics, such as those in Table 1, and processing conditions to determine appropriate ha2ard avoidance methods. Engineering techniques are available for preventing fires and explosions. Containment of flammable and combustible materials and control of processes which could develop high pressures are also important aspects of fire and explosion prevention. 

M. G. Zabetakis, Flammability Characteristics of Combustible Gases and Vapors, Bulletin 627, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C., 1965. 

Historical Inhalation Agents. Diethyl ether produces excellent surgical anesthesia, but it is flammable (see Ethers). Chloroform is a nonflammable, sweet smelling, colorless Hquid which provides analgesia at nonanesthetic doses and can provide potent anesthesia at 1% (see Chlorocarbons AND CHLOROHYDROCARBONs). However, a metabohte causes hepatic cell necrosis. Tdlene, a nonflammable colorless Hquid, has a slower onset and recovery and a higher toxicity and chemical reactivity than desirable. Cyclopropane is a colorless gas which has rapid induction (2 —3 min) and recovery characteristics and analgesia is obtained in the range of 3—5% with adequate skeletal muscle relaxation (see Hydrocarbons). The use of cyclopropane has ceased, however, because of its flammabiHty and marked predisposition to cause arrhythmias. 

Propylene is a colorless gas under normal conditions, has anesthetic properties at high concentrations, and can cause asphyxiation. It does not irritate the eyes and its odor is characteristic of olefins. Propjiene is a flammable gas under normal atmospheric conditions. Vapor-cloud formation from Hquid or vapor leaks is the main ha2ard that can lead to explosion. The autoignition temperature is 731 K in air and 696 K in oxygen (80). Evaporation of Hquid propylene can cause skin bums. Propylene also reacts vigorously with oxidising materials. Under unusual conditions, eg, 96.8 MPa (995 atm) and 600 K, it explodes. It reacts violentiy with NO2, N2O4, and N2O (81). Explosions have been reported when Hquid propylene contacts water at 315—348 K (82). Table 8 shows the ratio TJTp where is the initial water temperature, and T is the superheat limit temperature of the hydrocarbon. 

Benzene [71-43-2] 6 6 volatile, colorless, and flammable liquid aromatic hydrocarbon possessing a distinct, characteristic odor. Benzene is used as a... 

Flammability characteristics (1) of the four butanols are given ia Table 5. ... 

Trichloroethane [71-55-6] methyl chloroform, CH CCl, is a colorless, non-flammable Hquid with a characteristic ethereal odor. It is miscible with other chlorinated solvents and soluble in common organic solvents. The compound was first prepared by Regnault about 1840. 

Ethyl alcohol under ordinary conditions is a volatile, flammable, clear, colorless Hquid. Its odor is pleasant, familiar, and characteristic, as is its taste when suitably diluted with water. The most amazing property of ethanol is the volume shrinkage that occurs when it is mixed with water, or the volume expansion that occurs when it is mixed with gasoline. One volume of ethanol plus one volume of water results ia only 1.92 volumes of mixture. 

Memanol water is an alcohol-base compound. It is less expensive than other organic compounds and, due to lower viscosity, has better heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics. It is used up to—35°C, Disadvantages are (I) considered more toxic than ethylene glycol and thus more suitable for outdoor applications (2) flammable and could be assumed to be a potential fire nazard. 

Toluene is a notoriously poor electrical conductor even in grounded equipment it has caused several fires and explosions from static electricity. Near normal room temperature it has a concentration that is one of the easiest to ignite and, as previously discussed, that generates maximum explosion effects when ignited (Bodurtha, 1980, p. 39). Methyl alcohol has similar characteristics, but it is less prone to ignition by static electricity because it is a good conductor. Acetone is also a good conductor, but it has an equihbrium vapor pressure near normal room temperature, well above UFL. Thus, acetone is not flammable in these circumstances. 

Alkenes — Also known as olefins, and denoted as C H2 the compounds are unsaturated hydrocarbons with a single carbon-to-carbon double bond per molecule. The alkenes are very similar to the alkanes in boiling point, specific gravity, and other physical characteristics. Like alkanes, alkenes are at most only weakly polar. Alkenes are insoluble in water but quite soluble in nonpolar solvents like benzene. Because alkenes are mostly insoluble liquids that are lighter than water and flammable as well, water is not used to suppress fires involving these materials. Because of the double bond, alkenes are more reactive than alkanes. 

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