Development of safety measures

The identification of causes serves as a basis for the development of safety measures. The following preferences should be made in the selection of measures  

3 Will the risk be reduced by access to personal protective equipment, safe work procedures and/or information and training  

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R D and experimental investigations on substantiation and development of safety measures, assessment of their reliability, estimation of accident frequency and risk ... 

As shown in Figure 1, the SMS contains several sub systems. First, a system of reporting and collection of experience data from the vessel itself is required. This is followed by a system of data processing, i.e. smnmarization and analysis in order to reveal causal factors and perform trend analysis, which forms the basis for the development of safety measures. One critical system requirement is the reliabihty and accuracy of input data, i.e. near miss and accidents reports. As long as the input is rehable, the overall system presupposes the possibility of developing efficient measures, in order to control operational... 

The Dow Fire and Explosion Index (FEI) (12) and the Dow Chemical Exposure Index (CEI) (14) are two commonly used tools that measure inherent safety characteristics. Gowland (25) reports on the use of the FEI and CEI in the development of safety improvements for a urethane plant. Tables 1 and 2 illustrate the application of the FEI and CEI in measuring inherent safety characteristics of process design options. These indices measure the inherent safety characteristics of processes in only two specific areas—fire and explosion hazards and acute chemical inhalation toxicity hazards. Other indices would be required to evaluate other types of hazards. 

Reliability theory is based on probability theory, but is only used today to indicate possible values of the various safety factors in use. A historical development of the measurement of safety is given in Chapter 3 and, as we shall see, the traditional safety factors only measure part of the uncertainty surrounding the construction and eventual use of a structure. These factors, which are usually the ratio of some estimated critical load or stress for the structure to the estimated working load or stress, are crude and ignore the possibility of human error. 

Some databases have a life of their own because of organizational stove piping. Typically, time-based trending analysis of types of adverse events/causative factors is too general to identify cause and effect relationships. Without the development of normalized measurements, changes in mission and/or work load affect safety performance far more than do changes associated with the quality of safety management. 

Commission of the European Communities, Th Development of Community Measures for the Application of Chapter III of the Euratom Treaty Health and Safety ,... 

Their implementation was also started at NPP in Ukraine. However, substantiation of the units safety performed before did not completely take into account necessity of the efficient analysis of operational experience, assessment of common cause failures (of natural and technogeneous origin) impact, analysis of beyond design basis accidents and development of the measures to manage them as well as a number of other provisions. 

Resilience Engineering is a new and expanding field. There is a need to explore the effects of resilience engineering, especially related to the development of safety and resilience. The effects could be as suggested by Hale - i.e. the safety performance over a long period of time coupled with prosperity on the basis of measures such as production, service, productivity and quality. 

As a response to the obvious need for clarification about the risk level and as a first step measure to turn the development of safety in a positive direction, the authorities, here represented by the NPD, launched the first RNNS pilot proj ect. The project was done in cooperation with external research institutions and the expressed purpose was to establish a methodology to assess trends in the risk level and safety work at the Norwegian continental shelf (Ministry of work and administration 2001). This pilot project, which included extensive interviews with some of the key actors in the industry, documented the conflicts discussed above (Norwegian Petroleum Directorate 2000). Generally speaking, it became evident that some of the actors had very different views of the risk picture and development, and expressed different perceptions of reality. As a result, the trust among the partners in the industry was low. 

Williamson, A., Feyer, A.-M., Caims, D. and Biancotti, D. 1997. The development of a measure of safety climate The role of safety perception and attitudes. Safety Science, 25, 15-27. 

The general aim of the Mol 7C e3q>eriments in the BR2 reactor was to investigate the failure events and the inherent coolability conditions in a fuel bundle subjected to a local (partial) coolant flow blockage in the fissile zone. Operation of reactors with small number of failed fuel rods is desirable for economic reasons, but safety must nevei be prejudiced. Therefore the behaviour of failed fuel during accident is of primary interest and fuel simulation codes are essential in establishing an operational set of safety measures. The present MOL7C experiments fit clearly the current need for improved techniques which should help establish operational limits for fuel rods and develop higher performance materials. 

The development of performance measures requires a collaborative effort from various levels of the organization, as well as personnel from different departments, such as safety, environmental, finance, personnel, maintenance, and engineering. The inputs the various departments can provide include appropriate benchmark levels, validity of performance measures, data needs (such as methods for obtaining data, available data, and data collection means), audit procedures, and evaluation techniques. Input from the various departments can be useful in determining available sources so that duplication does not result in wasted time and money. 

In the course of time, e.g. following the TMI-accident, and further development of safety engineering, additional measures to control hypothetical system failures and combination of failures or to mitigate the consequences of such beyond DBAs were introduced as accident management measures. These primarily addressed the use of existing equipment in beyond DBA scenarios. 

The Munich taxicab experiment attracted a great deal of attention, not only in professional circles but also in the popular press. Newspapers carried articles about it and Bavarian Television wanted to show the viewers what had happened. As the experiment had already been completed, they decided to re-enact the experimental manipulation and the way the drivers had responded. Airing of this documentary added further to the popular debate. The results of this experiment were also discussed by a group of international experts from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, commonly abbreviated as OECD. In their final report, these experts from 16 different countries stated that behavioural adaptations of road users which may occur following the introduction of safety measures in the transport system are of particular concern to road authorities, regulatory bodies... 

As far as machine tools safety is concerned, the terms probability or likelihood have not very often been used in developing the former product safety standards in CEN/TC 143. Their worldwide unique state of the art was established on a deterministic approach of the kind identify hazard + compensate it with a bundle of safety measures = a safe machine and is well-tried for more than a decade, now. Only when a second disconnecting channel in the control chains was discussed, the probability of a simultaneous failure of both channels was considered negligibly low. In contrast to this, since 2011 ISO 13849-1 made probability a key term in the standardization world. Most of the experts in the former deterministic approach are still in uncharted waters, when discussions circle around obviously different meanings of probability. 

Company Name i may submit its CSP in the format set forth in Attachment A to this letter, or any other written format desired. Documentation of safety measures that have or will be implemented should be attached to the CSP. Documentation may include, but is not limited to items such as the development of new policies and procedures, training programs, with training materials and schedule, purchase and use of safety related technology. 

Ronald L. Kathren, "Historical Development of Radiation Measurement and Protection" in CRC Handbook of Radiation Measurement and Protection, ed. Allen Brodsky, Section A, vol. 1 (West Palm Beach, Fla. CRC Press, 1978), pp. 43-50 T. J. Thompson, "Accidents and Destructive Tests," in The Technology of Nuclear Reactor Safety Reactor Physics and Control, ed. T. J. Thompson and J. G. Beckerley, 2 vols. (Cambridge MIT Press, 1964, 1973), 1 609-610 Barton C. Hacker, "Elements of Controversy A History of Radiation Safety in the... 

A method that has been used with some measure of success to determine at least what neighborhood the state of a safety culture is in is accident trend analysis. If the causes of accident occurrences can be determined, and those factors that caused the occurrence are avoided in the future, then the likelihood that similar accidents will occur should be minimized. So, the strategic development of safety culture can and will lead to elimination of accident occurrences. 

Exercise A tool manufacturer develops and markets a hand-held drilling machine. This has to be CE marked, which makes it necessary for the manufacturer to document the evaluations that have served as a basis for the selection of safety measures. Questions ... 

Supply of Safety Measures in Developing and Developed Countries A Global Perspective... 

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