Benchmark levels

The target level procedure was applied to 16 common air contaminants (Table 6.19). These are common contaminants in the industrial environment, and in many cases are the most critical compounds from the viewpoint of need for control measures. The prevailing concentration data as well as the benchmark levels were taken from Nordic databases, mainly the Finnish sources, and described elsewhere.In addition, a general model for assessing target values for other contaminants is presented in the table. 

Unfortunately, WE is a computationally expensive procedure and therefore not easily accessible for the larger systems listed in Tables 6.9 and 6.10. The CBS-RAD procedure, however, demonstrates close agreement with WE. For example, the mean absolute deviation between the WE and CBS-RAD BDEs is 1.6 kJ/mol while the largest absolute deviation is only 3.3 kJ/mol. Therefore, the CBS-RAD method represents a suitable secondary benchmark level for the assessment of the perfor-... 

The analysis of the potential consequences of an accident is a useful way of understanding the relative inherent safety of process alternatives. These consequences might consider, for example, the distance to a benchmark level of damage resulting from a fire, explosion, or toxic material release. Accident consequence analysis is of particular value in understanding the benefits of minimization, moderation, and limitation of effects. This discussion includes several examples of the use of potential accident consequence analysis as a way of measuring inherent safety, such as the BLEVE and toxic gas plume model results shown in Figures 4, 5, and 6. 

Vapor Pressure Although the vapor pressure of an oil itself is seldom a limiting factor of what the vapor pressure in use will be, it still provides a benchmark level to compare various oils. ... 

Concentrations of the chemical are equai to or greater than benchmark levels" such as reference dose, MCL, drinking water standard, permit level, or lower intemol company guideline (can assume no substantial risk below these levels). 

Hydrologists have adopted the concept of a water stress index" based on an approximate minimum level of water required per capita to maintain an adequate quality of life in a moderately developed country in an arid zone. Although the indicators are only approjimate, it has been found that a country or region whose renewable fresh water availability exceeds about 1700-2000 m per person per year will suffer only occasional or local water problems. Below this threshold the lack of water begins to become a serious problem. Two rough benchmark levels have been adopted ... 

Sets benchmark levels for individual industries that includes the statewide eroding... 

The development of performance measures requires a collaborative effort from various levels of the organization, as well as personnel from different departments, such as safety, environmental, finance, personnel, maintenance, and engineering. The inputs the various departments can provide include appropriate benchmark levels, validity of performance measures, data needs (such as methods for obtaining data, available data, and data collection means), audit procedures, and evaluation techniques. Input from the various departments can be useful in determining available sources so that duplication does not result in wasted time and money. 

There are exactly 760 Torr in one atmosphere. The Torr is a more convenient unit to use in high-vacuum physics and engineering work. Capabilities and limits of enclosed machines are usually specified in the pressure unit of Torr. A benchmark level of pressure (vacuum actually) is 1 Torr. 

RoHS-Compliant. The Keyword RoHS Compliant is also descriptive, intended to convey that the laminate is sufficiently thermally robust to withstand the rigors of lead-free reflow assembly temperatures. For a more quantitative approach, look for materials that comply with slash sheets that show results for time to delamination (Td) by thermal mechanical analyzer (TMA). This test is optional and the results, given in minutes to delaminate at three benchmark levels of 260,288, and 300°C, are minimums. The establishment of these levels and the minimum time to delamination puts a laminate in the class of the more thermally robust materials, but does not guarantee any minimum performance for a particular multilayer board (MLB) in its specific assembly temperature exposures. 

Safety is an economic attribute of transportation service in that it is a characteristic of service that is valued by customers but costly to provide. This rather unobjectionable statement serves to take safety out of the realm of sacred cows and makes its determination an appropriate subject for economic analysis. Standard economic models can be used to provide some insight into how much safety should be provided. These will be called the benchmark level(s) of safety. 

When customers are perfectly informed, and a equals one, this decision rule is identical to the first-order condition (equation 11.6) in the benchmark model. The benchmark level of preventive effort will be provided. However, if a is greater... 

Operational safety is only one of the attributes of service that railroads offer to their customers. Other attributes include price, speed, and reliability. Relatively elementary economic models suggest that there will be a socially-optimal level of each of these attributes. This benchmark level arises because safety, and other attributes, while valued by customers, are also costly to provide. The socially optimal level of safety may not be at the point where all accidents are eliminated. It may not be cost efficient to mitigate all accident risk. 

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