Detergent intermediates

The scheme below provides some guidance on the type of chemistry involved in the production of the major petrochemical components of most detergents (excluding the more specialized amine-based cationics). 

The use of highly branched olefins to alkylate benzene has totally given way to the production of (secondary) linear alkylbenzene (LAB), by alkylation with a linear olefin or a chlorinated paraffin, to achieve biodegradability. The LAB is subsequently sulphonated to produce a linear alkylbenzenesulphonate (LAS, as the sodium salt), the workhorse of the detergent market with a worldwide production of about 2 Mt per annum. 

Synthetic C12+ primary alcohols, produced mainly by the hydroformyl-ation of ethylene oligomers (previous section), compete with fatty alcohols derived from natural oils. They may be sulphated (to give an anionic product) or reacted with ethylene oxide to produce alcohol ethoxylates, the major non-ionic detergent components (possibly approaching IMt per annum worldwide)  

In Japan, secondary alcohols for ethoxylation are also produced by Bashkirov oxidation of -paraffins (liquid phase, in the presence of boron oxides at around 160°C). Some ethoxylates are also sulphated, while olefins can be sulphonated with SO3 or converted to sodium alkanesulphonates directly by free-radical addition of sodium bisulphite  

Alkylphenol ethoxylates, still mainly derived from branched nonylphenol, now have only modest uses. 

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B. V. Vora, P. R. Pujado, M. A. Allawala, and T. R. Fritsch, "Production of Biodegradable Detergent Intermediates," Second World Surfactants Congress, Paris, Fiance, May 24—27, 1988. 

The other important alkylation, but on a much smaller scale, in which AHF is used is the manufacturing of detergents. This alkylation process produces environmental friendly, biodegradable detergent intermediates. Although HF is used as a catalyst in these processes, it is slowly consumed because of side reactions due to the impurities present in the feedstocks. 

TEX-WET 1197 is the acid form of a detergent intermediate. To be rendered most effective, it should be converted to the salt form by neutralizing with an alkali. 

Note Low molecular weight polymers are also known that are amorphous in structure and used as gasoline additives, detergent intermediates, greases, sealants, and lubricating oil additives. Also available as a high melting wax. 

Linfield, W.M., Ed. Anionic Surfactants, Part 1 Marcel Dekker New York, 1976 Vol. 7, 258. Keim, W. Roper, M. Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Gerhartz, W., Ed. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft Weinheim, 1985 Vol. Al, 195. Vora, B.V. Pujado, P.R. Allawala, M.A. Fritsch, T.R. Production of biodegradable detergent intermediates. Second World Surfactants Congress, Paris, France, May 24—27, 1988. Thorton, D.P. Corrosion free HF alkylation. Chem. Eng. 1970, 77 (13), 108-112. 

Industrial chemicals aspirin, pharmaceuticals, rubber-processing chemicals, functional fluids, bleaching compounds, detergent intermediates. 

Functional Chemicals detergents, additives for detergents, intermediates for the personal care market, specialty chemicals for the construction, mining and petroleum industries ... 

Alkylate. [Monsanto] Linear alkylben-zenes detergent, intermediate. 

DDBS100,100 SP, SpedaL [Zohar De-tergentFactory] AD lbenzene sulfonic add detergent intermediate. 

Fosterge. [Henkel/Emeiy/Cospha Henkel Canada] Phosphate doivs. detergent intermediate enuilsifier to mineral oils and pestreides corrositm in-hibito, dispersant, penetrant. 

Marlican . [HulsAm. H lsAG] Dode-cylbenzene detergent intermediate, solubilizer. 

Neodtd . [Shell] Alcohols and ethoxy-lates detergent intermediate, emulsifier, wetting agent, dispersant, sdubi-lizo . 

Pamolyn 100. [Hercules] Oleic add detergent intermediate, emulsifia, fiber lubricant textile processing aid, de-foamer, emulsion breaker. 

T-Soft . [Harcros] Linear aUcylbenzene sulfonic acid high foaming detergent intermediate. 

Wibarco. [Wibatco GmbH] AQcylben-zene sulfonic acid detergent intermediate. 

Beilstein Handbook Reference) AI3-01594 BRN 0607489 C16 fatty acid Cetylio acid EINECS 200-312-9 Emersol 140 Emersol 143 FEMA No. 2832 Hexadecanoic acid n-Hexadecanoic acid n-Hexadecoic acid Hexadeoylic acid HSDB 5001 Hydrofoil Hystrene 8016 Hystrene 9016 Industrene 4516 NSC 5030 Palmitate Palmitic acid Penladecanecarboxylic acid 1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid. A saturated fatty acid, used in the manufacture of metallic palmitates, soaps, lube oils, waterproofing, food-grade additives. A detergent intermediate opacifier in cosmetics, soaps, emulsifiers, chemical specialties. White scales mp = 63-64° bpi5 = 215° 0.853 r = 1.4273 insoluble in H2O,... 

AI3-33881 EINECS 211-107-9 Neodol 5 NSC 66446 Pentadecanol 1-Pentadecanol n-Pentadecanol n-1-Pentadecanol Pentadecyl alcohol. Detergent intermediate. Solid mp 45-46° bp = 269-271°. Shell. 

Allgriate. Monsanto] linear aBcylben-zenes detergent intermediate. 

DeSonate. [Witco/Organics] Sulfonic acid and sulfonates detergent intermediate and component for shampoos, bubble baths, liq. soaps. emulsifier. 

The alkylation of benzene with linear olefins (Cj(,-Cj4) is largely used industrially to produce linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), precursors ofalkylbenzenesulfonates which are employed as surfactants and detergent intermediates. LAB global demand is about 2.7 million metric tons per year. Traditional processes are catalyzed by acid catalysts such as AlClj and mainly HF. The processes are designed to minimize skeletal isomerization of the linear olefins since high linearity is necessary to yield biodegradable products [31). In order to improve the sustainability of these processes, various solid acids have been developed. The use of ILs is one of the possibilities to consider. 

Chem. Descrip. Dodecylbenzene CAS 123-01-3 EINECS/ELINCS 204-591-8 Uses Detergent intermediate for prod, of dishwash, laundry, all-purpose and industrial cleaners in specialty coatings and other industrial applies. Properties M.w. 231-241 sp.gr. 0.865 dens. 7.209 Ib/gal vise. 4.5 cSt (100 E) i.b.p. 536 F flash pt. (PM) 280 F Environmental Biodeg. 

Chem. Descrip. Cocoyl hydroxyethyl imidazoline CAS 61791-38-6 EINECS/ELINCS 263-170-7 Uses Antistat, dispersant, wetting agent, emulsifier, microbicide, detergent, intermediate for quat. ammonium compds., primer paints, emulsion cleaning, cleaners, polishes, surf, treatment, textile and leather processing, agriculture and cosmetics... 

Uses Detergent intermediate in prep, of sulfates for high-foaming liq. 

Uses Emulsifier, detergent intermediate for dishwash, personal care prods., industrial applies. textile lubricant gellant dispersant wetting agent solubilizer in surf, lubricants for mfg. of food-contact metallic drticlos... 

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