Designing to Meet a Specification

Depending upon why a company chose to let a toll, the ability to scale up production may be an important factor. If a toll project was designed to meet a specific, short-term need for a known quantity of material, scale-up capability may not be an issue. However if the goal was to develop a wider market and eventually increase production, a small toller that meets all other criteria for selection could be excluded based upon this factor. Planning for success is essential. 

AH products are designed to meet a specific human need or want (Figure 2-13). A product that does not satisfy a need or want is not likely to be successful. Usually, a lot of research is done before a product is put into production. Developers must demonstrate that they have researched on what consumers want and are willing to pay for a given product. One key technological resource discussed earlier in this chapter, investment capital, would be hard to get without this research. 

Appropriate siting is critical to the success of the monitoring network. Poor siting could result in low-quality, vmrepresentative data. It is therefore important that comprehensive quality assurance/quality control procedmes (QA/QCPs) be developed to address network siting. These procedures should be designed to meet a specific set of quality assmance objectives, namely ... 

Time, Cost, and Equipment Automated chemical kinetic methods of analysis provide a rapid means for analyzing samples, with throughputs ranging from several hundred to several thousand determinations per hour. The initial start-up costs, however, may be fairly high because an automated analysis requires a dedicated instrument designed to meet the specific needs of the analysis. When handled manually, chemical kinetic methods can be accomplished using equipment and instrumentation routinely available in most laboratories. Sample throughput, however, is much lower than with automated methods. 

Ozokerite and Geresin Waxes. 02okerite wax [8001-75-0] was a product of Poland, Austria, and in the former USSR where it was mined. Tme o2okerite no longer seems to be an article of commerce, and has been replaced with blends of petroleum-derived paraffin and microcrystalHne waxes. These blends are designed to meet the specific physical properties required by the appHcation involved. 

For thermoplastic composites, results of flammability tests are generally reported on the basis of oxygen index values and/or UL-94 ratings (e.g. (11-12). The general problems associated with composites and multicomponent systems have not been addressed in depth and published data pertain primarily to specific glass-filled resins offered by manufacturers, or to composite systems designed to meet the specifications of a particular end use. 

The one-shot process was developed in the 1950s. It is a technique by which the polyol and the isocyanate are mixed together. Without help, however, the reaction would be too slow to be useful. For this reason, the key to the process is the development of a formulation that accelerates tlie isocyanate reaction. We will discuss the design of a formulation to meet a specific end use in the next chapter. To complete our discussion of the processes by which polyurethane foams are made, consider the formulation for a conventional foam used for furniture cushions (Table 2.3). 

Many alternative fermenters have been proposed and tested. These fermenters were designed to improve either the disadvantages of the stirred tank fermenter-high power consumption and shear damage, or to meet a specific requirement of a certain fermentation process, such as better aeration, effective heat removal, cell separation or retention, immobilization of cells, the reduction of equipment and operating costs for inexpensive bulk products, and unusually large designs. 

The complete equipment usually consists of a mixer such as a Banbury mixer followed by the heated rolls, chilled rolls, and finally a windup roll.3 The windup roll controls the tension on the film or sheeting as it moves through the calender rolls. Calenders are generally designed to meet the specific needs of the customer. Once installed and operating continuously, the cost per pound of film or sheet is lower than by any other process such as extrusion. 

The design of a chemical processing unit to meet a specific consumer demand and the comparison of alternative process costs (by retum-on-investment and discounted-cash-flow analysis) are well covered in texts on process economics and are not treated in this book. 

In conclusion, analytical chemistry is an underlying factor in essentially all aspects of toxicological work. It is evident from these examples that the sophistication of the analytical methods available for use can to a large extent determine the complexity of the toxicological problem that can be approached and solved. The best analytical approach is designed to meet the specific needs and emphasis of the toxicological research and is consistent with good analytical practices. 

These analyzers provided timely and valuable information on medical conditions or therapeutic progress. Details of these developments can be found throughout this edition of Ion Mobility Spectrometry and are especially highlighted in applications found in the chapters of Section IV. This flourishing of ion mobility was associated, accompanied, and stimulated by increased availably of instrumentation, including some instruments specifically designed to meet a growing demand in pharmaceutical and biomolecular research. 

A quality management system (QMS) is an important tool for process control and continual improvement. After a brief section about development of the quality principle in the preparation of medicines over the years, this chapter lists the processes in preparation and in the manufacture of medicines that have to be controlled. A medicine, whether developed in a pharmacy or in industry, starts with defining the needs of the patient. Then the formulation and the method of preparation are designed to meet product specifications. The next step of the product life cycle is the production, including quality control and release. 

When it became apparent that the lysosomal thiol-proteinases were particularly important in the degradation of HPMA copolymer side-chains, a new series of side-chains was designed to meet known specificities of particular lysosomal enzymes.29 Two side-chains were synthesized (-Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-Phe-NAp and -Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-Phe-NAp) which contain a pentapeptide sequence previously shown O to be susceptible to the lysosomal proteinase cathepsin D, a thiol-independent enzyme. Five further sequences were prepared containing hydrophobic amino acids in the P2 and P positions in relation to the terminal bond (according to the terminology of... 

With regard to nonprescriptive, goal-based rules, however, the regulator faces somewhat of a dilemma. In these situations, facility owner/operators develop their own safety programs that are designed to meet their specific circumstances. If a... 

Before people enter a confined space suitable and sufficient emergency and rescue arrangements must be in place. These arrangements must reduce the risks to rescuers so far as is reasonably practicable and include the provision and maintenance of suitable resuscitation equipment which must be designed to meet the specific risks associated with the particular confined space. 

A crystallization process has to be designed to meet a number of requirements, for example, particle properties such as particle size and purity. As concerns the purification, a continuously operated crystallization has to deal with the accumulation of impurities in the mother liquor. The drain point for these impurities has to be carefully chosen. It is one of the most underestimated aspect of the process design activity and the source of many errors. Moreover, the process yield is strongly connected with the planning of the process drain points, as is the specific energy consumption and, thus, the success of the process. However, die separation attribute of the unit operation crystallization may not be the best available and one should remain open for competing alternatives. That could be recommendable, for example, in cases of solid solutions, especially with distribution coefficients close to 1, which are not feasible to separate by crystallization at all. 

Table 18.2 lists a number of automatically activated batteries which have been designed to meet various specific applications. Most of these batteries are high-rate with a short wet-life. The weight and volume of this type are more a function of the load requirements and the space envelope provided than voltage and capacity. 

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