Toxicological problems

The toxicological problems associated with asbestos have been widely pubHshed and asbestos has been banned from most uses by the EPA. However, modem diaphragm cell chlorine plants have not had difficulty meeting the required exposure limits for asbestos fibers, and, as of 1990, the chlorine industry had an exemption allowing the continued use of asbestos as a diaphragm material. 

Reported cases of vitamin toxicity owing to overdose are usually associated with increased over-the-counter availabiHty of supplemental vitamins and indiscriminate supplementation. The misconception that if a Httle is good a lot is better has compounded toxicological problems with the vitamins. Eat-soluble vitamins tend to accumulate in the body with relatively inactive mechanism for excretion and cause greater toxicological difficulties than do water-soluble vitamins. 

The ecological advantages of ICPs have made them of particular interest in the field of rechargeable batteries, since they do not involve heavy metals and do not appear to have any serious toxicological problems. 

Variations in the manufacturing process of 2,4,5-trichloro- and pentachlorophenol (but not 2,4-dichlorophenol) have sometimes resulted in contamination of the product by small amounts of heterocyclic impurities (4,5). Of these, the chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins such as TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) have received much scientific and public attention because of their real or potential toxicity 6, 7), [Chick edema factor, a curious toxicological problem to poultry producers for several years, has been shown to be composed of chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (8).]... 

Toxicological problems among infants are relatively common. For example, it is now routine to follow the course of changes in Dilantin levels of patients who are being treated for various convulsive disorders (12). It is also important to be able to detect and assay for other drugs that are used in the newborn, such as various other anticonvulsants, salicylates, and a host of others. 

Much of the toxicological interest in cyanide relating to mammals has focused on its rapid lethal action. However, its most widely distributed toxicologic problems are due to its toxicity from dietary, industrial, and environmental factors (Way 1981, 1984 Gee 1987 Marrs and Ballantyne 1987 Eisler 1991). Chronic exposure to cyanide is correlated with specific human diseases Nigerian nutritional neuropathy, Leber s optical atrophy, retrobulbar neuritis, pernicious anemia, tobacco amblyopia, cretinism, and ataxic tropical neuropathy (Towill etal. 1978 Way 1981 Sprine etal. 1982 Beminger et al. 1989 Ukhun and Dibie 1989). The effects of chronic cyanide intoxication are confounded by various nutritional factors, such as dietary deficiencies of sulfur-containing amino acids, proteins, and water-soluble vitamins (Way 1981). 

Due to the fact that the phosphate was replaced against entirely non-charged and phosphatase-stable analogues, the pTyr mimic is considered to have more favorable pharmacokinetic properties. However, aromatic nitro compounds bear an intrinsic potential of developing toxicological problems [136]. 

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that was widely used in veterinary medicine. Since 1994 the use of CAP is banned in the EU because of certain toxicological problems (i.e., aplastic anemia and the grey baby syndrome ) observed in its administration to humans [ 107] that have prompted the establishment of a zero tolerance for the presence of these residues in meat and animal products. As a consequence, many efforts have been made to develop sensitive methodologies capable of detecting CAP residues or its metabolites. 

David was a doctor, a specialist in occupational medicine, with particular interest in the toxicological problems of industry, and, in fact, he was on his way home from a conference on the East Coast where he had presented a scientific paper on some of his latest research. So it was a pleasing coincidence that as he sat taking his ease, he should be confronted with a case the like of which he had never encountered before. 

The xylenes are flammable and are shipped under the same regulations and using the same methods as benzene and toluene rank cars, trucks, barges, and tankers. Pipeline movements are limited. Toxicological problems dictate handling in closed systems like benzene and toluene. 

Lock EA, Ellis MK, Gaskin P, Robinson M, Anton TR, Provan WM, Smith LL, Prisbylla MP, Mutter LC, Lee DL. (1998) Prom toxicological problem to therapeutic use The discovery of the mode of action of 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-l,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC), its toxicology and development as a drug. J Inherit Met Dis 42 498-506. 

The third health effect bioassay employed utilizes acute toxicity in whole animals (rats). Since the major objective of the Level 1 biological testing procedure is to identify toxicology problems at minimal cost, a two-step approach is taken to the initial acute in vivo toxicology evaluation of unknown compounds. The first is based on a... 

Condie LW. 1986. Toxicological problems associated with chlorine dioxide. J Am Water Works Assoc 78(6) 73-78. 

Because of their brilliant pure red and yellow shades cadmium pigments, e.g. Cl Pigment Red 108, CdS-xCdSe, have found widespread use in the coloration of plastics, but toxicological problems have led to restrictions on their use and to the introduction of safer replacement products. 

An example of a new material without toxicological problems is the brilliant yellow, bismuth vanadate. Cl Pigment Yellow 184, made by the reaction of bismuth nitrate with sodium vanadate, followed by calcining at 300-700 °C. 

As a result of their high price, low substantivity, and toxicological problems during production, the importance of the leuco esters of vat dyes is decreasing. They can be replaced easily by pigment coloring or by reactive or vat dyes. 

Toxicological Problems," Am. Chem. Soc. 30th Midwest Regional Mtg, Honolulu, HI (June 12-13, 1975) Paper No. 84. LBL-3275 (US-ERDA W-7405-ENQ-48). 

Another toxicological problem that can result from excessive nitrate in plant material is the generation of toxic nitrogen dioxide gas (see Section 11.3) during the fermentation of ensilage composed of chopped plant matter contaminated with nitrate. The toxic effect of N02 from this source has been called silo-filler s disease. 

Apart from the strictly regulated types of ingredients, colors, preservatives, and UV-filters, the main part can be used under the manufacturer responsibility. From the past we can get important toxicological aspects that ought to be noticed. In some cases toxicological problems have been discovered among constituents such as emulsifiers and emollients. 

Buchheim believed that the mode of action of drugs should be investigated by scientific means in order to quantify their effects and introduce a more rational basis for therapy. The second section of this book deals with drug-receptor interactions within the body and the quantitation of these resulting effects. In addition, toxicological aspects of drug-receptor interactions and the treatment of toxicological problems are discussed. 

---