Designated laboratories

Type B1 cabinets must be hard-ducted, preferably to their own dedicated exhaust system, or to a properly designed laboratory building exhaust. Blowers on laboratory exhaust systems should be located at the terminal end of the duct work. A failure in the building exhaust system may not be apparent to the user, as the supply blowers in the cabinet will continue to operate. A pressure-dependent monitor should be installed to sound an alarm and shut off the BSC supply fan, should failure in exhaust airflow occur. Since this feature is not supplied by all cabinet manufacturers, it is prudent to install a sensor in the exhaust system as necessary. To maintain critical operations, laboratories using Type B1 BSCs should connect the exhaust blow er to the emergency power supply. 

The information needed at each of these stages in the life history of the compound relates, first, to hazards involved in a specific use and, second, to the hazard to humans, not to laboratory animals. The needed information, therefore, can be gained adequately only by designing laboratory experiments with animals to cover the pertinent conditions of the specific use. Finally, this information can only be interpreted adequately by those versed in normal and abnormal human physiology and pathology. The interpretation of... 

Janoff, A.S., Lipids, liposomes, and rational drug design, Laboratory Investigation, 1992, 66, 655-658. 

The "P" has been replaced with "BSL" or Biosafety Level. There are four biosafety levels which are defined according to a combination of facility design, laboratory practices and techniques, equipment and health and safety controls. It is not practical to try to completely describe all of the features and definitions pertaining to biocontainment laboratories in a chapter dedicated to an overview of design. Therefore, we will concentrate on the elements of building design for "maximum containment" or BSL-4 facilities. 

Most of the instruments used in the laboratory are commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) instruments, and consequently the users have little or no input into their design. A full system development life-cycle (SDLC) approach [8], which is used to develop complex computerized systems such as Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) or Chromatographic Data System (CDS) or custom design laboratory equipment, is not appropriate for COTS instruments. Some laboratory instruments such as a pH meter or centrifuge are fairly simple and therefore do not warrant the SDLC approach. 

Aeroscientific Corporation, a division of Data-Design laboratories, considered various waste management alternatives for their Anaheim facility. They decided on TRSI s minimum-discharge approach for the following reasons ... 

It is recommended that experiments with explosive chemicals not be conducted in the confinement of standard fume cupboards, with shatterable front and side panels, but on the open bench behind anchored polycarbonate blast screens. Even light top cover is found much to increase lateral blast effects. Specially designed laboratories are, of course, much preferable for such experiments. 

Lacking assay accuracy may also stem from the fact, that most LC-MS/MS methods used in clinical laboratories are still locally designed laboratory-developed tests operating on very heterogeneous instrument configurations. Consequently,... 

In designing laboratory-scale experiments, it is important to use proper analytical methods for determining both organic and inorganic species to... 

Williams, GP. (1971) Aids in designing laboratory flumes. Open file report, U.S. Geol. Survey, Washington, D.C. 

Blum, U. 1999. Designing laboratory plant debris-soil bioassays some reflections. In Inderjit, Dakshini, K. M. M., Foy, C. L. (Eds.), Principles and Practices in Plant Ecology — Allelochemical Interactions. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 17-23... 

Some of this theoretical thinking may be utilized in reactor analysis and design. Illustrations of gas-liquid reactors are shown in Fig. 19-26. Unfortunately, some of the parameter values required to undertake a rigorous analysis often are not available. As discussed in Sec. 7, the intrinsic rate constant kc for a liquid-phase reaction without the complications of diffusional resistances may be estimated from properly designed laboratory experiments. Gas- and liquid-phase holdups may be estimated from correlations or measured. The interfacial area per unit reactor volume a may be estimated from correlations or measurements that utilize techniques of transmission or reflection of light, though these are limited to small diameters. The combined volumetric mass-transfer coefficient kLa, can be also directly measured in reactive or nonreactive systems (see, e.g., Char-pentier, Advances in Chemical Engineering, vol. 11, Academic Press, 1981, pp. 2-135). Mass-transfer coefficients, interfacial areas, and liquid holdup typical for various gas-liquid reactors are provided in Tables 19-10 and 19-11. 

The simulation program has been extensively used for process optimization studies as it permits accurate prediction of isomer distribution and heat release. It offers theoretical explanations for isomer control practices arrived at through several years of plant operating experience. The model was used in designing laboratory experiments to study mass transfer under various process conditions and reactor configuration. Since mass transfer and chemical kinetics are simultaneously important in this process, a model is necessary to "filter out" the kinetics effects for mass transfer correlations. The results of our laboratory studies will be presented in future papers. 

For the off-site analysis, the designated laboratories are used. These laboratories have instrumental capability, preparedness, and analytical methods to analyze the samples taken by the inspectors or by the inspected SP representatives. The samples sent (after the agreement of the inspected SP) to the off-site laboratory are coded, and therefore the laboratory receiving the samples will not know their origin. The laboratories are capable of confirming the presence or absence of CWC-related chemicals and other chemicals, but must report only data relevant to the purpose of the analysis as defined by the OPCW. The laboratory s work on the OPCW samples is confidential, which is a normal practice when regarding the work with laboratory s other collaborators and commercial business partners. The work is reported only to the OPCW. 

When off-site analysis is to be performed, samples shall be analysed in at least two designated laboratories. The Technical Secretariat shall ensure the expeditious processing of the analysis. The samples shall be accounted for by the Technical Secretariat and any unused samples or portions thereof shall be returned to the Technical Secretariat. 

The Technical Secretariat shall compile the results of the laboratory analysis of samples relevant to compliance with this Convention and include them in the final inspection report. The Technical Secretariat shall include in the report detailed information concerning the equipment and methodology employed by the designated laboratories. 

The ISP has the right to retain portions of all samples taken or to take duplicate samples (CWC VA Part II paragraph 54) therefore, any sample collected during an inspection is split into several fractions. In case of off-site analysis, split portions of the respective sample are sent to a minimum of two designated laboratories. These split portions are prepared, packed, and sealed on site during the inspection and are only opened at designated laboratories. 

While the CWC stipulates that samples should preferably be analyzed on site (VA Part II Paragraph 53), the inspection team shall, if it deems necessary, transfer samples for analysis off site at designated laboratories (VA Part n Paragraph 55). The necessity to send samples for off-site analysis may arise from various reasons, such as... 

Transport and delivery of sample containers from the Point of Exit to the OPCW Laboratory and from the OPCW Laboratory to the designated laboratories is subcontracted to a specialist company. The Director-General will appoint an OPCW staff member to escort the samples during transportation to the extent possible and to hand carry the respective documentation. 

On their arrival at the OPCW Laboratory, all seal numbers and the end pattern of the fiber-optic seals will be compared to the seal numbers and photographs received from the inspection site, if so requested in the presence of an ISP representative. Unpacking will be performed in a dedicated area for handling of authentic samples in the OPCW Laboratory. The vials containing the authentic sample splits will be weighted but left closed and sealed as received from the inspection site. For dispatch to each designated laboratory, one authentic sample split is packed together with a pre-analyzed control sample and the respective matrix blank in a transport container in the same manner as described above. A... 

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