Laboratory-designed freeze-dryers

A variety of small devices has been designed to meet specific functions not effectively served by commercially available freeze-dryers. Such devices were preceded by a number of customized dryers that were developed for various analytical purposes. Thus, Nakaguchi et al. [10] designed a new drying apparatus equipped with a device for trapping evaporated substances that was used to condition biological samples prior to determining trace elements. 

An instrument performing measurements of D2 (viz. the ratio of the resistivity of ice to that of a product at a given temperature) and implementing DTA (differential thermal analysis) was developed to control freeze-drying processes the principal components are a test chamber, a cooling and heating unit, a digital computer system and a printer. It was used to evaluate the thermal features of a 20% sucrose solution [12]. 

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