Laboratory operations design data from

Much of the experience and data from wastewater treatment has been gained from municipal treatment plants. Industrial liquid wastes are similar to wastewater but differ in significant ways. Thus, typical design parameters and standards developed for municipal wastewater operations must not be blindly utilized for industrial wastewater. It is best to run laboratory and small pilot tests with the specific industrial wastewater as part of the design process. It is most important to understand the temporal variations in industrial wastewater strength, flow, and waste components and their effect on the performance of various treatment processes. Industry personnel in an effort to reduce cost often neglect laboratory and pilot studies and depend on waste characteristics from similar plants. This strategy often results in failure, delay, and increased costs. Careful studies on the actual waste at a plant site cannot be overemphasized. 

Tubular flow units, like the CSTR, usually are operated at steady state. It is not always easy to measure the temperature profile accurately. In some high temperature operations, the coil is immersed in a fluidized sand bed or lead bath so there is fairly good temperature control. Sometimes it is felt desirable to do the laboratory work in a tubular unit if the commercial unit is to be of that type, but rate data from any kind of equipment are adaptable to the design of PFR. 

Pilot-scale treatability studies are enlargements of bench-scale tests, which more closely approach the full-scale project. The objective of pilot-scale tests is to verify treatability outside of a laboratory setting and verify the actual field conditions. Many pilot-scale studies are performed at the actual project site. Data from pilot-scale studies are used to design full-scale field operations. A pilot test may include the following ... 

Recording and validating test data represents the single most tedious aspect of any laboratory operation. The Lab Manager system is designed to accept test results either directly from laboratory instruments or as manually entered by laboratory personnel. 

Material balances are also useful tools for the study of plant operation and troubleshooting. They can be used to check performance against design, to extend the often limited data available from the plant instrumentation, to check instrument calibrations, and to locate sources of material loss. Material balances are essential to obtaining high-quality data from laboratory or pilot plants. 

Because the disposal of retorted shale is, ultimately, a field exercise, this paper will discuss the experimental design and data from field studies which have been carried out. Laboratory experimentation and data will be used to complement the results of field studies. Two field studies, compaction and permeability, were carried out during the Paraho research operations. 

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