Laboratory design data

Design data are available for the specific organics on the EPA s priority pollutant Hst. For mixed wastewaters, a laboratory study is necessary to determine adsorption characteristics. Wastewater is contacted with a range of concentrations of powdered carbon and adsorption occurs, as graphed ia the form of a Freundhch Isotherm, shown ia Figure 19. 

There are a number of different types of experimental laboratory units that could be used to develop design data for chemically reacting systems. Charpentier [ACS Symp. Sen, 72, 223-261 (1978)] has summarized the state of the art with respect to methods of scaUng up lab-oratoiy data and tabulated typical values of the mass-transfer coefficients, interfacial areas, and contact times to be found in various commercial gas absorbers as well as in currently available laboratoiy units. 

Among the more important points that should be considered in attempting to base plant design on laboratory corrosion-rate data are the following. 

Laboratory studies have been carried out to provide design data on the conversion. A stoichiometric mixture of 60 g acetic acid and 45 g ethanol was reacted and held at constant temperature until equilibrium was achieved. The reaction products were analyzed and found to contain 63.62 g ethyl acetate. 

This paper describes a package of computer programs that we have written to provide menu-driven operation of our facility for x-ray orientation studies. This paper describes the overall structure of the package in the hope that our design approach will be useful to future designers of laboratory data collection systems. Persons who are interested in implementing similar systems can obtain copies of the software described herein from the authors. 

Table 1 gives cost and maintenance information for the frozen barrier installed as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) demonstration at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Table 2 gives physical design data for the ORNL project. 

A. Dijkstra, and L. Kaufman, Evaluation and Optimization of Laboratory Methods and Analytical Procedures (Amsterdam Elsevier, 1978) G. E. P. Box, W. G. Hunter, and J. S. Hunter, Statistics for Experimenters An Introduction to Design Data Analysis and Model Building (New York Wiley, 1978) R. S. Strange, Introduction to Experimental Design for Chemists, J. Chem. Ed. 1990,67. 113. 

Scaling Up from Laboratory Data Laboratory experimental techniques offer an efficient and cost-effective route to develop commercial absorption designs. For example, Ouwerkerk (Hydrocarbon Process., April 1978, 89-94) revealed that both laboratory and small-scale pilot plant data were employed as the basis for the design of an 8.5-m (28-ft) diameter commercial Shell Claus off-gas treating (SCOT) tray-type absorber. Ouwerkerk claimed that the cost of developing comprehensive design procedures can be minimized, especially in the development of a new process, by the use of these modern techniques. 

Sedimentation in the laboratory. Design data from laboratory experimentation. Ind. Eng. Chem., 32 622-626. 

Based on factors such as cast, mechanical properties, physical properties, ease of fabrication (design) and the corrosion resistance data available in the literature the choice of materials can lead to a short list of two or three materials. At this stage it is prudent that the engineer design prototype laboratory scale model equipment from the short-list of selected metals or alloys, and determine the corrosion rates in the environment of interest. These accelerated tests will enable the engineer to select the best candidate material, making proper allowance for the corrosion of the metal or alloy over the lifetime of the equipment. 

The present chapter is not meant to be exhaustive. Rather, an attempt has been made to introduce the reader to the major concepts and tools used by catalytic reaction engineers. Section 2 gives a review of the most important reactor types. This is deliberately not done in a narrative way, i.e. by describing the physical appearance of chemical reactors. Emphasis is placed on the way mathematical model equations are constructed for each category of reactor. Basically, this boils down to the application of the conservation laws of mass, energy and possibly momentum. Section 7.3 presents an analysis of the effect of the finite rate at which reaction components and/or heat are supplied to or removed from the locus of reaction, i.e. the catalytic site. Finally, the material developed in Sections 7.2 and 7.3 is applied to the design of laboratory reactors and to the analysis of rate data in Section 7.4. 

In many cases, the preliminary feasibility survey indicates that additional research, laboratory, or pilot-plant data are necessary, and a program to obtain this information may be initiated. Process development on, a pilot-plant or semiworks scale is usually desirable in order to obtain accurate design data. 

If laboratory tests were used to obtain design data, the experimental data, apparatus and procedure description, and interpretation of the results may be included as a special appendix to the design report. 

The primary factor in the design of filters is the cake resistance or cake permeability. Because the value of the cake resistance can be determined only on the basis of experimental data, laboratory or pilot-plant tests are almost always necessary to supply the information needed for a filter design. After the basic constants for the filter cake have been determined experimentally, the theoretical concepts of filtration can be used to establish the effects of changes in operating variables such as filtering area, slurry concentration, or pressure-difference driving force. 

Besides analyzing and correlating data by statistical means, the chemical engineer also uses statistics in the development of quality control to establish acceptable limits of process variables and in the design of laboratory, pilot plant, and process plant (evolutionary operation) experiments. In the latter application, statistical strategy in the design of experiments enables the engineer to set experimental variables at levels that will yield maximum information with a minimum amount of data. 

If participants in an external quality assessment scheme simply receive the results and check the performance index or some other measure to see if it is satisfactory, a great deal of valuable information is lost. Data from these schemes offer an opportunity to study a laboratory s assay and to assist in the education of laboratory personnel. Simple graphical approaches can be used that do not require complicated calculations. If a laboratory has a computer, more elaborate calculations can be carried out. Basically, the participating laboratory has analysed a sample for a particular analyte and has then to compare the value found with the True value. Possible estimates of the True value include the overall mean for all participants, the method mean, the mean value obtained by designated reference laboratories, or a stated spiked value. Some schemes provide all these values, but the majority provide an overall mean, which will be used in the following discussion. The overall mean has limitations if the technique for elimination of outliers is unsatisfactory or if a particular method, which causes a marked bias at certain concentrations in the overall mean, is used by a significant number of laboratories. 

The design of laboratory catalytic reactors for obtaining rate data is presented in... 

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