Hypochlorite solution, decontamination

Decontamination Soap and water, or diluted sodium hypochlorite solution (0.5 percent). Drainage and secretion precautions are necessary. After invasive procedures or autopsy, decontaminate instruments and surfaces with 0.5 percent sodium hypochlorite or with a sporici Anthrax, after symptoms have became apparent, can be very deadly. Although the death rate for dermal anthrax is roughly about five to 20 percent, the fatality rate for inhalation anthrax after symptoms progress is almost always fatal, regardless of treatment. 

Decontamination Soap and water, or diluted sodium hypochlorite solution (0.5 percent). If contamination of foodstuffs is suspected, boil for ten minutes to kill toxin. Botulism is not dermally active and secondary aerosols do not endanger medical personnel. 

Decontamination Standard Precautions for healthcare workers. Person-to-person airborne transmission is not likely, although secondary cases may occur through improper handling of infected secretions. Environmental decontamination can be treated with 0.5 percent hypochlorite solution. 

Decontamination Soap and water, or diluted sodium hypochlorite solution (0.5 percent). Removal of potentially contaminated clothing should be done by people in full protective clothing in an area away from non-contaminated persons. For victims with bubonic plague, drainage, and secretion procedures need to be employed. Careful treatment of buboes is required to avoid aerosolizing infectious material. For victims with pneumonic plague, strict isolation is absolutely necessary. Heat, disinfectants and sunlight renders bacteria harmless. 

If 5.25 percent Sodium Hypochlorite solution is not available then the following decontaminants may be used instead and are listed in the order of preference Calcium Hypochlorite Decontamination Solution No. 2 (DS2), and Super Tropical Bleach Slurry (STB). WARNING Pure, undiluted Calcium Hypochlorite (HTH) will burn on contact with liquid blister agent. 

Sodium hypochlorite solution, commonly called bleach, is a light yellowish liquid with a characteristic chlorine-like odor. It is a powerful oxidizing agent, and is used extensively in disinfections and decontamination procedures. It is quite stable at room temperature, but decomposes when heated forming sodium chlorate and salt. It can be easily prepared using a diaphragm cell, or by passing chlorine gas into a cold dilute sodium hydroxide solution. 

To a plastic bucket (10 L), add sodium hypochlorite solution (500 mL) and liquid soap (10 mL) and make up to two-thirds full with hot water. This solution will be used at the end of the procedure to dispose of the waste and decontaminate used equipment. 

Decontaminate all equipment used in this protocol including gloves by placing in the hypochlorite bucket for at least 4 h or until no smell remains. After removing the equipment, dispose of the used hypochlorite solution by washing it down a sink in a well-ventilated hood with a large volume of water. 

Blister/vesicant exposure is treated primarily as a thermal burn. Sulfur mustard decontamination is limited to immediate washing of exposed skin with water or soap and water, and flushing the eyes with copious amounts of water. Avoid 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution or vigorous scrubbing as they may cause deeper tissue penetration. Typical burn therapy is accomplished with antibiotic ointment, sterile dressing, and other supportive... 

Gross decontamination of the patient should also follow in the event of a recognized release or exposure. This would include removal of all suspected contaminated clothing, including jewelry and watches, and washing off any obvious contamination with soap and copious amounts of water. Contaminated clothing removed from the victim should be double bagged and labeled as contaminated and then secured in a safe location until it can be safely disposed of Environmental surfaces or medical equipment can be cleaned with soap and water or a 0.1% sodium hypochlorite solution (CDC, 2008). 

Gold, M.B., Bongiovanni, R., Scharf, B.A. (1993). Hypochlorite solution as a decontaminant in sulfur mustard contaminated skin defects in the euthymic hairless guinea pig. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Baltimore, MD, pp. 369-78. 

Animals need to be bathed with copious amounts of soap and water. If dermal decontamination is not implemented quickly, mustard will react with the skin and cannot be easily removed (Sidell et al, 1997). Sodium thiosulfate (2.5% solution) can be used dermally to neutralize mustard exposures (Garigan, 1996). Animals may also be bathed with dilute (0.5%) hypochlorite solutions (Borak and Sidell, 1992). Monitor for dermal bums. Secondary infection is common. Topical silver sulfadiazine can be applied to all bums and an Ehzabethan collar placed to decrease ingestion of the ointment and self trauma. Topically applied dexa-methasone and diclofenac reduced inflammation in a mouse model when applied within 4 h (Dachir et al, 2004). All equine and ovine patients should be inoculated with tetanus toxoid. Vaccination of other species should be determined on a case by case basis. 

The decontamination efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite solutions was found to be similar... 

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