Calcium hypochlorite, decontamination

If 5.25 percent Sodium Hypochlorite solution is not available then the following decontaminants may be used instead and are listed in the order of preference Calcium Hypochlorite Decontamination Solution No. 2 (DS2), and Super Tropical Bleach Slurry (STB). WARNING Pure, undiluted Calcium Hypochlorite (HTH) will burn on contact with liquid blister agent. 

Flush eyes with water immediately. Use, the M258A1, M258, or M291 skin decontamination kit for liquid agent on the skin. Decontaminate individual equipment with the M280 individual equipment decontamination kit. Calcium hypochlorite (HTH), supertropical bleach (STB), household bleach, caustic soda, dilute alkali solutions, or decontaminating solution number 2 (DS2) are effective on equipment. Use steam and ammonia or hot, soapy water in a confined area. 

The military also identifies the following "nonstandard" decontaminants Detrochlorite (thickened bleach mixture of diatomaceous earth, anionic wetting agent, calcium hypochlorite, and water), 3% aqueous peracetic acid solution, 1% aqueous hyamine solution, and a 10% aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide solution. 

The decontamination efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite solutions was found to be similar... 

Calcium Hypochlorite. Ethyl dichloroarsine is easily decomposed by calcium hypochlorite, either solid or in aqueous suspension. Because of this property, chloride of lime is employed for the decontamination of objects contaminated with ethyl dichloroarsine. 

Calcium Hypochlorite - A decontaminant to be used only if STB is not available. 

Decontamination of skin, clothing, and snrface is extremely important. Personal decontamination kit and decon wipes are commercial available. Equipments should be rinsed with soap and water. Honse-hold bleach, sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite, is effective against snrface contamination. Such hypochlorite solutions, as well as caustic soda, caustic potash, or sodium carbonate, can hydrolyze nerve agents and other organophosphates. 

Both VX and HD contain sulfur atoms that are readily subject to oxidation. Current U.S. doctrine specifies the use of a 0.5% sodium or calcium hypochlorite solution for decontamination of skin and a 5% solution for equipment. 

Dilute hypochlorite (0.5%) is an effective skin decontaminant for patient use. The solution should be made fresh daily with a pH in the alkaline range (pH 10-11). Plastic bottles containing 6 ounces of calcium hypochlorite crystals are currently fielded for this purpose. 

Since 1980s, the use of a macroscopic emulsion was established for the decontamination of mustard and nerve agents by the German armed forces. This annlsion is composed of 15wt % perchloroethylene (PCE), 76.5 wt % water, 7.5wt % calcium hypochlorite, and 1 wt % emulsifier Marlowet IHF [2]. Although this medium is only a kinetically stable maaoscopic emulsion, it shows the main features, which are also relevant for microemulsions with respect to solubilization of CW agents. 

The German Army issued two decontaminating agents to its troops. The first was stabilized calcium hypochlorite, in tablet form, referred to as Losantin. These tablets had to be made into a paste with water, applied to the skin for a few minutes, and then washed off. The second decon-taminant was a thickened ointment of chloroamine-T, which was swabbed on, allowed to stand, and finally washed off. Neither the Japanese nor the German personal decontaminants approached the American M5 ointment in efiiciency and all-around usefulness. ... 

Protective equipment consists of air masks, gloves, boots, aprons, and splash shields. The gloves are made of butyl or neoprene. Chemicals used to decontaminate diluted hydrazine in water are calcium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide. Strong hydrazine can be burned as a disposal method. 

Z lost can be removed from the casings (spray canisters) after the lids have been cut off only by manual work, an extremely hazardous activity. Decontamination of the disassembled parts and of the tools used, like spoons and spatulas, is possible only by using the very effective German emulsion, which contains tetrachloroethylene as solvent and calcium hypochlorite as oxidant. The used decontaminant solutions constitute a further disposal problem, because they cannot be released into the waste water channel but must be burned, like liquid CW agents, in the incineration plant in Munster. 

Destruction can also be effected by materials, such as hydrogen peroxide and calcium hypochlorite ( chloride of lime ), that have long been used for decontamination purposes. [3, 6] Because of their highly corrosive properties, utilization of these detoxicants is disfavored on account of waste disposition considerations. 

A procedure for the separation of carrier-free Iodine from fission products has employed the exchange of Iodide on a column of silver chloride on silica gel as Its main decontamination step (220). The sample 1n dilute nitric acid solution was treated with calcium hypochlorite solution at pH 7-8 to convert the Iodine to lodate. The latter was then reduced to Iodide by sulfite and the solution placed on the silver chloride-silica gel column. Iodine was eluted from the column as lodate by means of calcium hypochlorite solution (pH 7-8) and the lodate then reduced to molecular Iodine with hydroxylamine hydrochloride In addle solution. The iodine was finally extracted Into carbon tetrachloride. 

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