Databases questionnaire

Hybrid systems are those systems that employ various strategies to collect data. In such systems, data may be collected on paper forms as patient self-administered questionnaires, while additional data may be downloaded from centralized databases. 

In most studies, phytoestrogen intake has been estimated by direct methods that evaluate food intake either by recall (food-frequency questionnaires -FFQs) or by record (food diary), and subsequently by composition databases based on information of this kind. Food-frequency questionnaires are widely administered to subjects involved in epidemiological studies. Their validity and reproducibility is considered sufficient when statistically correlated to data obtained from dietary records (a properly-completed and comprehensive food diary) and from analysis of blood and urine samples (Kirk et ah, 1999 Huang et al, 2000 Yamamoto et al, 2001 Verkasalo et al, 2001). FFQs can be repeated several times a year and may be administered to large populations. Such an approach provides an easy and low-cost method of assessing the... 

An inverse correlation between thyroid cancer risk and phytoestrogens was recently proposed as a result of a multi-ethnic population-based case control study conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area (Hom-Ross et al., 2002). In this study, dietary habits and phytoestrogen consumption were assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire and by a nutrient database. The outcome of the study was that soy-based foods and alfalfa sprouts were associated with a reduction of thyroid cancer risk, whereas a Western diet did not influence cancer risk. No difference was observed between American and Asian women or between pre- and postmenopausal women. Furthermore, among the few compounds examined, the isoflavones genistein and daidzein and the lignan secoisolariciresinol were the phytoestrogens most frequently associated with risk reduction (Horn-Ross et al., 2002). 

Without a comprehensive database, pharmacy workforce studies have relied on surveys based on sampling, census questionnaires, and modeling. The last national count of pharmacists was attempted in the early 1990s [55] and did not account for the opening of new schools (eight were founded between... 

Several types of software were developed. One programme contains the questionnaire and allows each interviewer to upload all the answers from each interview to an internal common password-protected database accessible via the internet. Another programme displays an overview of each substep of each major step in each supply chain on a webpage, and by clicking on a... 

EPA ARIP Responses to questionnaires sent by EPA from facilities that have had significant releases purpose is to learn about causes and consequences of hazardous material incidents 1986-Present Supplements NRC reports for more significant events Additional information on causal factors, consequences, and company safety programs Data are easily analyzed for common causes Includes all states and localities Survey relies on voluntary compliance Not comprehensive limited to select cases Checklist approach limits value of information to understand root cause Not designed to be a lessons-leamed database... 

In 2002, the Association of University Research Parks (AURP) contracted with Association Research Inc. (ARI) to develop a profile of US and Canadian Research Parks [6]. The ARI sent out questionnaires to 195 entities believed to be operating in research parks and received 87 written responses with 79 yielding sufficient information to be stored in a database. Research parks such as the Research Triangle Park occupy vast tracks of land (7000 acres), while others such as the University City Science Center (16 acres) and Audubon (3 acres) are relatively compact. The average size of a research park in the survey was 628 acres and the median 180 acres. Employment ranged from 10000 to 42 000 for 62 research parks. 

In this study, environmental and resource use impacts of organic farming are assessed relative to conventional farming systems. The primary source of information for this report is a survey of specialists in 18 European countries (all EU-member states plus Norway, Switzerland and the Czech Republic) using a structured questionnaire. These experts were asked to refer back to their national literature on the subject. The second important source of information used in this report is a literature search in international databases completed by the authors. 

ARIP involves collecting questionnaire information from facilities that have had significant releases of hazardous substances, developing a national accidental release database, analyzing the collected information, and disseminating the results of the analysis to those involved in chemical accident prevention activities. ARIP also helps to focus industry s attention on the causes of accidental releases and the means to prevent them. The database is publicly available and covers incidents from 1986-1999. 

The US-EPA Consolidated Human Activity Database (CHAD) (US-EPA 2007b) contains data obtained from preexisting human activity studies that were collected at city, state, and national levels. CHAD is intended to be an input file for exposure/intake dose modeling and/or statistical analysis. CHAD is a master database providing access to other human activity databases using a consistent format. This facilitates access and retrieval of activity/and questionnaire information from those databases that US-EPA currently has access to and uses in its various regulatory analyses undertaken by program offices. 

If one answers Y, then the monitor displays the questionnaire form as shown in Figure 2.2. Now the data can be entered, first for the first record which would contain the information about Thallium, then for the second record for a second element, etc. When input of data for all elements we want the database of is finished one closes the file, which is then automatically saved. 

An interesting addition to the system is a semiautomatic learning tool. This monitors user habits and collects data about the use of excipients. Statistical analysis is performed on these data, allowing agreed alterations to be made to the database. The user is also asked to reply to a questionnaire regarding the recommended formulation and its performance. The data are analyzed by the expert system founder group, and provide the background for further alterations and developments. 

National GHG emissions inventory. Data on the emissions of some of the covered installations (obtained through questionnaires) were included in a database on Major Focal Points . Despite the cooperation between sectors and the public administration, some inconsistencies between the administration and the sector emissions data were detected in the first NAP version, leading to homogenisation of both data sets. 

The dietary assessment methods are based on taking a dietary history, such as diet recall (usually 24-h recall, but sometimes for longer periods), diet history (an interview about typical or usual food intake), and food frequency and/or amount questionnaires (food frequency questionnaire, FFQ and/or food amount questionnaire, FAQ, respectively). More details about these methods are discussed by Margetts and Nelson (1997). Intake of iodine from the data obtained is calculated using various national or international food composition databases, such as INFOODS (Scrimshaw, 1997 Schlotke and MoUer, 2000 Braithwaite et al., 2006). There are currently over 150 food composition tables in use around... 

Studies of phytochemical intake and its relationship to CHD in humans have been considerably hindered by the lack of availability within food composition databases of reliable information on the content of phytochemicals and, in particular, of flavonoids. A second and equally important problem has been the inability of dietary questionnaires to detect differences in the intakes of phytochemicals. Despite such methodological constraints, the balance of evidence supports the view that flavonoids have a protective effect on CHD (Table 2) in populations where the underlying risk of disease is not excessively high [6-9]. The exceptions are described in reports from Wales and Finland, where the intake of fat and, in particular, of saturated fat is known to be the predominant risk factor for CHD. 

Once magazines, newspapers, and databases are exhansted as sonrces of information, attention should shift to seeking more specific and targeted information. An inexpensive approach is to maU, e-mail, or otherwise distribute questionnaires to potential stakeholders to assess how they spend their time, what they perceive as their needs and preferences, and what factors influence their decisions. 

Data for the CFOl are compiled from various federal, state, and local administrative sources, including death certificates, workers compensation reports and claims, reports to various regulatory agencies, medical examiner reports, police reports, and news reports. Source documents are matched so that each fatality is counted only once. To ensure that a fatality occurred while at work, all information is verified from two or more independent source documents or from a source document and a follow-up questionnaire. Approximately 30 data elements are collected, coded, and tabulated, including information about the worker, the fatal incident, and the machinery or equipment involved. This database does not give any descriptions of the accidents (types or causes). 

In the survey, a random device is designed to generate random numbers, in this device, there are 6 red balls and 4 white balls with the same size, weight and tactility. Each student select a ball from the device when nobody nearby, if he selected the red ball, he should answer do you have the premarital sex the white ball should answer didn t you have a premarital sex each students only need answer Yes or No , and select 2 round. The totally survey population is 3796 counts, the questionnaire recovery and acceptability is 100%. Database was established with Excel 2003, after logistic checking by handwork and computer, we analyze data by SAS9.13. 

Case studies were seen to promote better understanding of the rationale of current safety culture, the development need and obstacles. Based on the information gained throngh case studies, occupational physician s questionnaire snrvey as well as review and analysis of the literature drawing from several databases, authors stated the development of model system for safety culture. 

Kiwifruit Carotenoids in European Carotenoid Database of2001 When a food frequency questionnaire and carotenoid database with their information on a-carotene (1), P-carotene (2), lutein (6) and P-ciyptoxanthin (5) were prepared and used to compare the earotenoid intakes on five European countries such as UK, Republic of Ireland, Spain, France and The Netherlands, their average content on a-carotene (1), P-carotene (2), lutein (6) and P-cryptoxanthin (5) has been obtained by various sources of kiwifruits. 

The structure itself was not fully consistent with typical or most significant NPP systems and the characteristics were of unequal detail, level or nature for different plant systems included in the database. Some items were specific for particular types of reactors, not applicable to other types, so some data fields had to be left blank. If a data field had been left blank, it was not clear why the data were missing (whether the characteristic was not applicable to the unit or the data provider failed to enter them). Some characteristics were of a questionnaire type suggesting yes/no answers. Such characteristics would provide only qualitative information on a particular system, equipment or practice used at the NPP, whereas no specific parameters of the equipment had been provided. 

A similar picture emerged when Jentsch, Hitt and Bowers (2002) examined the 61 aviation training issues contained within Funk and Lyall s (1997) human-automation interaction database of accident and incident reports, interviews, research reviews, and questionnaire data. Jentsch, Hitt and Bowers (2002) used an information processing model similar to that proposed by Nagel (1988) to classify automation-related problems. The results indicated that 86.9 per cent of issues were associated with perception and decision-making, while only 13.1 per cent of issues were associated with the action stage of human performance. Similarly, in air traffic control, 91.1 per cent of problems emerging from the introduction of a new air traffic control facility were classified as perceptual or decision-related in nature, while action issues accounted for only 8.9 per cent of concerns (Jentsch, Hitt and Bowers, 2002). 

---