Daily reference values intakes

Every human body requires certain amounts of various macro- and micronutrients, water, and fiber to function properly, objective 1 (Section 12.1), Exercise 12.2. The amounts needed vary with a number of factors such as body size, age, and sex. Various countries have established nutritional guidelines in attempts to maintain good health for their citizens. In the United States, the Reference Daily Intake (RDI) and Daily Reference Values (DRV) are designed to represent appropriate nutrient intake for 95% of the population. 

Nutrient content claims for protein, vitamins, minerals dietary fiber, antioxidants in relation to the reference intake value or daily reference value ... 

High, Rich in, Excellent source of 20 % or more of the Refaence Daily Intake (RDI) or the Daily Reference Value (DRV) pa lefeienee amount customarily auisumed... 

In order to assess the risk for the population living in Guiyu, the daily intake was compared with the oral reference value for DeBDE. According to EPA (US EPA [30]), the DeBDE daily oral reference and oral slope factor are 7.0E-03 mg (kg day)-1 and 7.0 x 10-4 mg-1 kg day. Inhalatory reference concentration and inhalatory unit risk have not been established. 

RNI Reference Nutrient Intakes U.K., 1991 By parallel with clinical chemistry reference ranges, which encompass 95% of normal values to emphasize that they are not recommendations for individuals, nor are they amounts to be consumed daily see Table 1.5... 

Metabolic diseases A fatty liver does not require a low-fat diet, but standard nutrition based on general reference values for normal daily routine. With a normal body weight and an increased energy requirement (work, sports), the calorie intake has to be adjusted accordingly. In overweight patients, a slow, continuous, yet systematic weight reduction should be strived for. Coexistent hyperlipoproteinaemia may require supportive treatment. Diabetes mellitus must be properly eon-trolled. This also applies to concomitant gout. 

Cataracts developed within hours to days after chicks were exposed to dietary concentrations of 0.10-0.25% 2,4-DNP and in ducks exposed to 0.25% 2,4-DNP in feed, both for 31 days (Robbins 1944). Dose levels and food intake were not reported in this study, and no standard reference values of daily intake were available for these species (EPA 1986b) therefore, doses were not calculated. The percentage of birds developing cataracts and the persistence of the cataracts in chicks were positively correlated with the concentration of 2,4-DNP in the feed at 0.15%, 57% of the chicks developed cataracts within 24 hours, but the cataracts had regressed after 31 days of treatment. In chicks and ducks exposed to 0.25% 2,4-DNP in the feed, gross opacities were observed in lenses of 84-100% of the birds after 1 day of treatment. The author provided a detailed... 

The DRIs consist of four components. Each type of reference value is calculated from daily intakes averaged over time (usually one or more weeks). The surveys include, but are not limited to, (l)random selection of healthy individuals and asking them to either report what they have eaten or to maintain food diaries, (2) monitoring overall food production and consumption, and (3) correlating a defined population s health status with the group s food intake. Sometimes the results from the surveys are correlated with the type of assays listed in Table 8.2. The four Dietary Reference Intakes are ... 

Because of the scarcity of data related to strontium intake and toxicity, the World Health Organization (WHO) has not established any reference value for recommended daily intake, or proposed safe ranges for the element strontium (WHO, 1996). The data observed for Germany (Seifert et al. 2000) and other parts of the world (e.g., Pennington and Jones 1987, Schroeder et al. 1972, Skoryna 1981a) suggest that an alimentary Sr intake of 1 to 4 mg per day is very normal and without any risk. Schrooten et al. (1999) reported normal mean strontium levels in blood serum of 14 pg whereas Schroeder et al. (1972) identified a mean Sr plasma concentration of 29 pg... 

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are used quite a lot and refer to a set of four nutrient-based reference values that represent the approach to provide quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes. The DRIs replace and expand on the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for the United States and the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs) for Canada. The DRIs consist of the RDAs, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), and the Adequate Intake (AI). Generally, each of these values represents average daily nutrient intake of individuals in the diet (Goldhaber, 2003 Murphy and Poos, 2002 Parr et ah, 2006 Trumbo et ah, 2001 Yates et ah, 1998). In addition, dietary intake data for minerals could be assessed within the context of the bioavailability and other factors affecting the utilization of elements by the human body, such as age, sex, and health aspects (Dokkum, 1995). 

In 1983-1984 blood of male teachers (age 25-50 years, nonsmokers) was collected in Malta, Mexico, Belgium, and Sweden. The choice of teachers was done to ensure comparable socioeconomic status [29]. Considerable differences in Pb-B levels are revealed between the countries, with the blood lead levels of Maltese teachers four times higher than those of Swedish teachers. The daily oral intake of lead was estimated from measurements of lead in feces to be around 1.9 p,mol in Malta, 0.86 p,mol in Mexico, 0.44 ixmol in Belgium, and 0.12 p,mol in Sweden, but no specific source to the high intake in Malta was pinpointed. This study and a few others indicate the reality of between-country differences in Pb-B levels [30] and also demonstrate the difficulties in establishing reliable reference values. 

The utilization (%) is defined as the ratio of the estimated daily intake ( xg/d) of an active agent to the appropriate reference value. 

The lowest tiers in the FAOAVHO system and in the DRV and CEC systems show similar values, but are defined differently. The FAOAVHO defines basal requirement as the (average daily) amount needed to prevent clinically demonstrable impairment of function [29]. The lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI) in the UK system is rather defined as the (average daily) amount of the nutrient that is enough for only the few people in a group who have low needs [10]. Finally, the lowest threshold intake (LTI) in the CEC system is defined as an intake below which almost all individuals will be unable to maintain metabolic integrity [12]. 

Appendix 2 Acceptable daily intake (ADI) values and references by additive category... 

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