Antigen production

Fernie BF, Poli G, Fauci AS (1991) Alpha interferon suppresses virion but not soluble human immunodeficiency virus antigen production in chronically infected T-lymphocytic cells. J Virol 65 3968-3971... 

FIGURE 2. Structures of PCP, the hapten used for antigen production, and come important PCP metabolites... 

Seed-specific production of LTB by Streatfield et al. [28] resulted in expression levels of up to 1.8% total soluble protein (TSP), and two separate maize breeding programs have increased antigen production by fivefold [28] and tenfold [27]. The investigations of Chikwamba et al. [27] regarding the expression of LTB in maize are among the first to include the use of particle bombardment transformation for the production of plant-derived vaccines. 

Three forms of calcitonin are available, salmon, porcine and human calcitonin. Long-term use of porcine calcitonin, being the most antigenic product, can lead to the production of neutralizing antibodies. Synthetic salmon preparations are therefore preferable. Human calcitonin is less immunogenic but it is also less active. Human calcitonin monomer has a half-life of about 10 minutes while the half-life of salmon calcitonin is considerably longer. However these half-lives are not directly related to the duration of action which varies from 30 min to 12 hours after intravenous administration and from 8 hours to 24 hours when administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Calcitonin is metabolized in the blood and in tissues like for example the kidneys. 

The use of desiccated thyroid rather than synthetic preparations is never justified, since the disadvantages of protein antigenicity, product instability, variable hormone concentrations, and difficulty in laboratory monitoring far outweigh the advantage of low cost. Significant amounts of T3 found in some thyroid extracts and liotrix may produce significant elevations in T3 levels and toxicity. Equivalent doses are 100 mg (1.5 g) of desiccated thyroid, 100 Mg of levothyroxine, and 37.5 ug of liothyronine. 

This procedure is of great potential utility for the identification and enumeration of cells that secrete an antigenic product. Patterned after the assay just described, it employs similar techniques with two major differences The coating for the indicator red cells consists of purified antibody, as in the reverse passive hemagglutination previously described, and an antiserum against the secretion product is used as the developing agent. 

Diphtheria vaccine contains diphtheria toxoid carried on aluminium hydroxide or calcium phosphate. Single antigen products are available only for cases in which combined antigens should not be used. The formulations used in most countries are a childhood formulation containing 25-30 Lf (flocculating units) of diphtheria toxoid (D) and an adult formulation containing 2 Lf of diphtheria toxoid (d). The formulations of choice in routine immunization are DTP (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids combined with pertussis vaccine), DT (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids) for pediatric use, and Td (tetanus and diphtheria toxoids with a limited amount of diphtheria antigen) for use in older children and adults. 

The most obviously recognized sterile pharmaceutical preparations are injections. These vary from very small volume antigenic products to large volume, total parenteral nutrition products. Other... 

If a cell harvester is available in the Category 3 laboratory and usually installed in a Class 3 cabinet then the preceding protocol may be followed as described. If this equipment is not available then for most purposes comparison of growth of the uninfected cells, in this case H9, can be made compared with the effect of the compound on HIV-1 antigen production (see Table 1). 

After 72 or 96 h the plates are examined and scored for cytopathic effect (CPE). Carefully remove 200 pL from each well or 50 pL from each replicate of four for testing to evaluate levels of HIV p24 antigen production in the wells. Testing in this laboratory was with the Coulter UK P24 antigen assay. 

Every 7 d an aliquot of cell culture is evaluated for p24 antigen production. When p24 is beyond 50,000 pg/mL, the new stock can be aliquoted. If the level of 50,000 pg/mL is not reached, the culture is made homogeneous by gentle mixing with a pipet and half of it is discarded, and 10 x 106 cells 3-d stimulated PBMCs in 5 mL complete medium for PBMCs with 20 U/mL IL-2 are added. This is done for 4-5 wk. Then, if the p24 then still has not reached the desired level, the whole procedure should be repeated. 

Capsid protein synthesis, T-antigen production, (transformation). 

Like other carbohydrate-based antigens, production of the carbohydrate j3-l,6-GlcNAc-branched N-glycans is elevated in human malignancies of breast, colon, and skin cancers... 

Sala F, Manuela RM, Barbante A, et al. Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants strategies, gene constructs and perspectives. Vaccine, 2003 21(7/8) 803-808. 

Of particular note for our purposes, Kutinova et al (25) have reported that in SV40 infected African green monkey kidney cells, cis-DDP inhibits SV40 replication euid the production of the late proteins. While exhibiting no observable effect on T antigen production ... 

Data from Clapper et al. (2001). SBM = soybean meal SPCl = soy protein concentrate (traditional aqueous alcohol-extracted SPC) SPC2 = texturized soy protein (extruded SPC) SPC3 = modified molecular weight SPC (low antigen product). 

Wong I, Hernandez A, Garcia M A, Segura R, Rodriguez I (2002). Fermentation scale-up for recombinant K99 antigen production cloned in Escherichia coli MC1061. Proc. Biochem. 37 1195-1199. 

Most DNA vaccines tested over the past decade have consisted of conventional plasmids with a eukaryotic expression cassette. The important elements of such plasmids are the promoter, the gene insert, the polyadenylation termination sequence, a bacterial origin of replication for production in Escherichia coli, and an antibiotic resistance gene for selection (see Fig. 1). Typically, strong viral promoters, such as the intermediate early promoter of cytomegalovirus with the intron A, are used. This ensures constitutive, high levels of antigen production in many tissue... 

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