Gold bead

Sugiura, T., Okada, T., Inouye, Y Nakamura, O. and Kawata, S. (1997) Gold-bead scanning near-field optical microscope with laser-force position control. Opt. Lett., 22, 1663-1665. 

Aye, my lord, says Stephen, his eyes on the click and fall of the gold beads. 

Scientists have also since demonstrated that DNA (coated on microscopic gold beads) propelled into the epidermis of test animals with a gene gun , is expressed in the animal s skin cells. Furthermore, the introduction in this fashion of DNA coding for human influenza viral antigens... 

A number of DNA vaccines have progressed into clinical trials for the prevention and/or treatment of HIV, malaria, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and hepatitis B and C [23,24], So far the DNA vaccines have been well tolerated in clinical trials [23] and have produced both humoral and cellular responses in some trials [41], but overall the potency has been disappointing [20], Although DNA is typically injected intramuscularly, alternative delivery systems have been evaluated. One such system that has been tested clinically for hepatitis B involves coating plasmid DNA onto gold beads, which are then propelled into the epidermis using a needle-free delivery system [20,42,43],... 

With a 40-nm gold bead for which viscous friction is not too high, the 120° step is further resolved into 80-90° and 40-30° substeps [16,21], which we refer to here as 80° and 40° (see Fig. 14.2A below). The substep behavior can be resolved only in selected molecules, and those selected molecules do not necessarily show substeps in the entire time course observed. But we have seen many examples where a molecule shows several hundreds of consecutive substeps, and thus we regard this as a genuine property of Fi. We notice momentary pauses in other angles under certain conditions, but we are much less certain if these are also genuine. 

Figure 1-7. (Inset) DEA-OPE-SH. CV (black) and background-subtracted voltammogram (gray not to scale) for AGAO on Au-bead electrodes modified with DEA-OPE-SH in 10 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7 (scan rate 100 mV s ). Gold-bead electrodes were soaked in mM solutions of DEA-OPE-SH for 24 h. Reductive stripping analyses of the resulting films indicated -70% coverage. The modified electrodes were then incubated with AGAO for 24 8 h to allow binding to the adsorbed wires. Adapted from ref. 113.

The most common alternative to needle injection is the gene gun, which propels gold beads coated with DNA directly into cells in the skin. As described above, resident LG are transfected, then migrate to the draining lymph node whereupon naive lymphocytes are primed. Because of the greater efficiency with which DNA... 

The Au(l 11) is often employed in air and ECSTM due to its inertness. The Au(l 11) can be prepared as a thin film grown on mica or glass.Gold beads can also be used as substrates. They are formed by melting the end of a wire on a torch following the method of Clavilier. The beads present flat areas suitable for molecular adsorption. The Au surfaces are cleaned by thermal annealing in a flame before molecular adsorption. When well prepared, the Au(lll) surface presents a reconstruction known as 22 xJ3. This structure is characterized by a pair of dislocation lines and is sometimes preserved upon molecular adsorption. Other compounds promote the lifting of the reconstruction. The other low Miller index faces of Au. namely, Au(l 10) and Au(lOO), normally employed as monocrystals, were also studied. 

Gold beads were used, for example, by Crooks and coworkers [108, 109] to perform STM lithography on SAMs. The 0.25-mm diameter gold wire was first cleaned in Piranha solution, and then melted in a H2/O2 flame under nitrogen and annealed in a cooler region of the flame. This procedure yielded spheres 0.6-1 mm in diameter, which exhibited (111) facets, typically elliptical in shape with a long axis of ca. 100 xm, consisting... 

T. E. Durkes, Gold bead implants, Problems in Veterinary Medicine, 4(1), 207-211 (1992). 

G. T. Jaeger et al., Two years follow-up study of the pain-relieving effect of gold bead implantation in dogs with hip-joint arthritis, Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 49(1), 9-14 (2007). 

The fullerene-binding abihties of CTVs have also been exploited in order to solubilize fullerenes, to immobilize them onto surfaces, and to incorporate them into liquid crystals. The hexa-substituted 12, for example, forms a liquid-crystalline phase. In the presence of C o, a 2 1 host/guest complex is formed, which also displays liquid-crystalline behavior, with a fluid birefringent phase at temperatures below 70 °C." The thio-derived CTV 13 forms self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surfaces." SAMs of 13 on modified gold beads can bind Ceo from solution when soaked in 1,2-dichIorobenzene solutions of Ceo-... 

The gold tubular glass samples tended to be covered with flaky black, presumably corrosion-related material that was mostly removable during sonication. Data for the eleven cleaned gold glass samples are presented in Table IX. The primary features of these data are the very low levels of K and Na, and the low levels of Ca and Cl. These features imply that the gold beads are lead-silica glasses. 

Fig. 6.34 Top left Cryo-EM of CA-PE LUVs. top right M-PE LUVs. lower left CA-PE + M-PE premixed 1 1. lower right product of CA-PE LUVs reacted with M-PE LUVs round objects are gold beads. Scale bars (100 nm) in left panels apply to each row. All samples were prepared at room temperature. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. [62]. Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society...

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