Customs Unions

Current or prospective membership in a customs union Freedom to hire and fire... 

Customs Union Economic and Monetary Union Education and Training Employment and Social Affairs Energy... 

Chemical names and synonyms are the most important keys to retrieval of data from the ECDIN databank. The synonyms stored in the ECDIN files can be divided into three groups, synonyms from the files of Chemical Abstracts Service, names used by the European Customs Union, and names from other sources. The first group of names is mainly in the English language, whereas the two other groups contain names in more European languages. Figure 1 shows different names for butanoic acid. 

In many companies, investment site factors, F,sp, are used to multiply the total permanent investment, Cppi, to account for different costs in different localities, based on the availability of labor, the efficiency of the workforce, local rules and customs, union status, and other items. Typical factors in recent use by one of the major chemical companies are provided in Table 16.13, where a plant in the U.S. Gulf Coast area is given a base factor of 1.0. The factors range from 0.85 in India to 1.25 in the U.S. West Coast area. The corrected total permanent investment is computed as ... 

There are also a number of regional trading blocs which are essentially customs unions. The objective, like that of the WTO, is to stimulate trade and thus assist development. There are four types of trading blocs, brief descriptions of which are given in Table 7.14. 

Constituent nations do not have complete control over trade policy but are boimd by some level of common policy. They have a common external tariff with nations outside the agreement. The European Union (EU) is a customs union. 

Common markets are customs unions plus unrestricted movement of capital and labour between members. Mercosur, comprising Argentina, Brazil, Paragnay and Uruguay is an example. 

The top five wheat producing countries are the former Soviet Union, the People s RepubHc of China, the United States, India, and Canada. Of these five countries, only the United States and Canada grow more wheat than they use and export to other countries. The other three nations are large wheat importers. Some of the top wheat customers of the United States have been China, India, the former Soviet Union, Japan, and Bra2il. 

Soybeans are the most important oilseed in international trade. The United States, Bra2il, and Argentina are the main suppHers to the export markets. In 1994—1995, United States exports of 22.0 x 10 metric tons represented 32% of the domestic production, 16% of the world crop, and 69% of the international trade in soybeans. The European Union, Japan, Mexico, and Taiwan were the largest importers of soybeans (51). Japan, which produces <5% of its soybean needs, is the largest single soybean customer of the United States. Japan imported 3.4 x 10 t in 1994 (51). The United States also exports processed soybean products, eg, oil and meal. For 1990—1993, an average of 47% of the crop was exported as whole beans and processed products. 

Restaurants in particular responded in kind, increasing their emphasis—with expanding floor space and atmospheric amenity— on bar areas and people who came for cocktails, not dining. As Danny Meyer, the popular New York restaurateur who opened Union Square Cafe in 1985, said of the current situation, It s a cocktail generation. It s fun, it s sexy. It s more fun than a glass of Chardonnay. Fifty percent of the customers at Blue Smoke, Mr. Meyer s newest restaurant and bar, were there to drink, not to dine, he said. 

Labour will be needed for construction of the plant and its operation. Skilled construction workers will usually be brought in from outside the site area, but there should be an adequate pool of unskilled labour available locally and labour suitable for training to operate the plant. Skilled tradesmen will be needed for plant maintenance. Local trade union customs and restrictive practices will have to be considered when assessing the availability and suitability of the local labour for recruitment and training. 

It is presumed that the product(s) to be produced is (are) known. The size of the containers it will be shipped in depends on the size of the expected orders, the facilities the customer has for handling the materials, and the hazardous classification of the material. Material shipped in bulk quantity is cheaper than packaged items, but it requires the customer to have more elaborate unloading and storage facilities. Bulk shipping is only used when large amounts are purchased at one time. Union Carbide will not ship in bulk less than 40,000 lb (18,000 kg) of material. Table 3-2 gives a summary of the maximum bulk shipments possible by various carriers. 

As member states of the European Union have been releasing new regulations to protect the environment by reducing pollutant emissions, the heating equipment industry as well as their customers is well aware of the need for a new sensor-con-trolled burner concept. The answer is continuous innovation in small burner technology. Burners with radiant surfaces, for example, reduce temperatures in the reaction zone of the flame, which in turn, reduces NOx emissions. Most modern furnaces use fully premixed burners. The stabilisation of the flame becomes more difficult, because a rise of the fluid flow yields a decrease of the burning velocity. 

Raw materials or goods which are exported to the USA are subjected to the same restrictions as those which are manufactured within the USA. There is also a duty to ensure that each delivery is authorised by the US customs authorities. Anybody who does not conform to these so-called TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) conditions must reckon on a high fine. This article examines in detail all the legal, administrative and financial steps that must be followed before making the first exports, including adhesives. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION GERMANY USA WESTERN EUROPE... 

Customer orientation and initial solution-free formulation of customers wishes, as an orientation for product development, appear to be promising approaches for innovations with regard to the application safety of chemicals-based products. However, the initiative for this is not mainly due to substance manufacturers, but rather to the chemicals users being close to the consumers. To what extent the commercial/industrial chemicals end-users (users of production auxiliary materials that are not included in the product) also transform the latent desire for application-safe products into effective demand behaviour, depends on other constellations of motives than those of private end-consumers. The employers liabihty insurance, chambers of commerce and industry, branch associations, trade unions and management boards of large-scale companies play a key role in making quality and competition effective as drivers for innovation here too. 

Another element that can force agreement is the use of threats. A union can threaten to strike, hoping that the firm will be deterred by the prospect of losing produaion and perhaps customers. Betting on the mother s concern for the child s wel-... 

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