Common Markets

In 1994, the former European Economic Community (EEC or EC) became the European Union. It originated as the Common Market created by the Treaty of Paris ia 1951 and the Treaty of Rome ia 1958. Greece joined in 1981, Spain and Portugal in 1984, and Austria, Einland, and Sweden in 1994. 

The next stage was Britain s accession to the European Economic Community [EEC, commonly known then as the Common Market, and now known as the European Union (EU)], which meant that the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) applied. The policy in the form then current sought to penalise the use of food crops from outside the EEC when the crop could be produced inside the EEC. 

Polymers Paint Colour Journal 193, No.4467, Aug.2003, p.14/8 COMMON SENSE IN THE COMMON MARKET Vaughan-Lee D... 

The inventory of some 55,000-plus chemicals was a major task. This document is critical to the working of TSCA and is being "copied" by others such as the European Economic Community in establishing their equivalent of TSCA for the 10-member countries of the European Common Market. The inventory in the U.S. has become a valuable tool not only for the Agency as it works with TSCA, but also for the chemical industry. 

Acetaminophen is marketed around the world under at least 60 trade names In the United States, it is most commonly marketed as Tylenol in Europe, Panadol is a more... 

The benzodiazepines that have been most commonly marketed as sedative-hypnotics include temazepam (Restoril), estazolam (ProSom), flurazepam (Dalmane), quazepam (Doral), and triazolam (Halcion). Of these five, temazepam is the most easily metabolized and eliminated. Therefore, temazepam is preferred for elderly and medically ill patients to minimize the risk of drug accumulation. 

In 1967, Council Directive 67/548/EEC (EEC 1967), the so-called 67-Directive, was adopted in order to approximate the national provisions relating to dangerous substances. The Directive introduced common provisions on the classification of dangerous chemical substances to ensure the establishment of a common market in the field of such substances and a high level of protection of human health. The 67-Directive is permanently updated to take account of the scientific and technical progress in the field of dangerous substances. Until today it has been amended 9 times and adapted to technical progress 29 times. 

The legal controls on animal testing were introduced at the European level by a Directive in 1986. The central objectives cited in the formulation of the controls were to avoid disparities in the controls applied across Member States that might affect the functioning of the common market, and also to limit to a minimum the number of animals used in product development whose use was necessary to meet testing requirements, and to ensure, as far as possible, the best care and treatment of the animals during the conduct of the research and in the method of their disposal. 

Whereas trade in medicinal products within the Community is hindered by disparities between certain national provisions, in particular between provisions relating to medicinal products (excluding substances or combinations of substances which are foods, animal feeding stuffs or toilet preparations) and whereas such disparities, directly affect the establishment and functioning of the common market ... 

Whereas, however, such approximation can only be achieved progressively and whereas priority must be given to ehminating the disparities liable to have the greatest effect on the functioning of the common market ... 

Escolar and oilfish are of low commercial values because of their kerrior-rheic properties. They are considered as "not suitable for catering" or even banned from sale in various countries. However, they are commonly marketed as a result of their substantial by-catch with tuna and swordfish (Shadbolt et. ah, 2002 Tserpes et ah, 2006). According to the European Communities (Labelling of Fishery and Aquaculture Products) Regulations 2003 (S.I. No. 320 of 2003), L. flavobrunneum and R. pretiosus must be marketed as escolar and oilfish, respectively, and no other commercial names can be used alternatively. Yet, both species are usually mislabeled as sea bass, butterfish, rudderfish, white tuna, or codfish either... 

The onset of local anesthesia can be accelerated by the addition of sodium bicarbonate (1-2 mL) to the local anesthetic solution. This maximizes the amount of drug in the more lipid-soluble (unionized) form. Repeated injections of local anesthetics can result in loss of effectiveness (ie, tachyphylaxis) due to extracellular acidosis. Local anesthetics are commonly marketed as hydrochloride salts (pH 4.0-6.0) to maximize aqueous solubility. After injection, the salts are buffered in the tissue to physiologic pH, thereby providing sufficient free base concentration for diffusion through the axonal membrane. However, repeated injections of the local anesthetic can deplete the buffering capacity of the local tissues. The ensuing acidosis increases the extracellular cationic form, which diffuses poorly and results in tachyphylaxis. Tachyphylaxis to local anesthetics is common in areas with a limited buffer capacity (eg, the cerebrospinal fluid). 

Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas with a distinctive pungent odor. It is the simplest aldehyde, which is a class of organic compounds with the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. Formaldehyde was described by August Wilhelm von Hoffmann (1818—1892) in 1867 after the Russian Aleksandr Butlerov (1828—1886) had inadvertently synthesized it in 1857. Formaldehyde readily dissolves in water to produce a solution called formalin, which is commonly marketed as a 37% solution. 

Table 1 Examples of Commonly Marketed pMDI Formulations and Their Characteristics... 

Given the complexity that arises from the multitude of interacting variables associated with DPI systems, there are very few excipients that have been incorporated into DPI formulations. Examples of commonly marketed products are listed in Table 2. Lactose has many benefits including a well-established safety profile, low cost, and wide availability. Physicochemical properties of lactose are also relatively desirable from a DPI formulation standpoint smooth surfaces, crystalline, and moderate flow properties. However, lactose may not be suitable for some active... 

Nebulizer systems are universally aqueous in nature and can be either solution or suspension based. Excipients that have been used in nebulizer formulations relate to typical aqueous formulations and the formulation issues common to this type of preparation (i.e., stability and sterility issues). Table 3 provides several examples of nebulizer formulations that are commonly marketed along with the excipients... 

Table 3 Examples of Commonly Marketed Nebulizer Products and Their Excipients... 

Save as otherwise provided in this Treaty, any aid granted by a member State or through State resources in any form whatsoever which distorts or threatens to distort competition by favouring certain undertakings or the production of certain goods shall, in so far as it affects trade between Member States, be incompatible with the common market. 

As mentioned in Section 2.1, the scheme of the EC Treaty provides that, assuming that there is aid involved, that aid must be justified on some accepted ground if the grant of such aid is to be compatible with the common market. 

Dougan, 2000. Minimum harmonization and the internal market. Common Market Law Review 37(4), 853-885. 

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