Cumulative properties

Each point corresponding to the ordinate axis is the value of the cumulative property of the cut. The Cg-EP properties of gasoline cuts or IP-EP properties of residue cuts are obtained directly from the curves, while properties of other cuts are calculated either directly for the properties that are additive by volume, weight or moles, or by using blending indices. 

Cationic flocculants are widely used in clearing oil-water, waste, natural and drinking water. At the sarue time they ar e moderately toxic substances which have cumulative properties. For the majority of flocculants, prodused and used in Ukraine, limit admission concentration is 0,l-t-0,4 mg/dm for drinking water and 0,01 mg/dm and less - for natural waters. 

Since V = (2.1)2x 5.3 cm3, the estimate of the volume is 73 8 cm3-a surprisingly high uncertainty, given the relatively small uncertainties in the measurement of height and radius. This shows the cumulative properties of errors. 

The problem of influence of the electric field intensity on the permittivity of solvents has been discussed in many papers. The high permittivity of water results from the intermolecular forces and is a cumulative property. The electric field intensity is the lowest at the potential of zero charge (pzc), thus allowing water molecules to adsorb in clusters. When the electrode is polarized, the associated molecules, linked with hydrogen bonds, can dissociate due to a change in the energy of their interaction with the electrode. Moreover, the orientation of water molecules may also change when the potential is switched from one side of the pzc to the otha. 

Here nig denotes the sign of the spin projection (it takes two values, +1 and — 1). By taking into account the cumulant properties, Eqs. (10)-(13) with replaced by F, it can be shown that A must be a real symmetric matrix (A " = A j) with no unique diagonal elements, whereas 11 is a spin-independent (11 = =... 

Our account of the cumulant properties indicates, however, another possibility to develop a local correlated theory such that the correlations are taken into account only for some specific electronic groups of the entire system (chromophores) while the rest is treated on a noncorrelated level. The cumulant being a local quantity restricted to only one group can be then economically estimated by some appropriate method. Of course such an approach would require parametrization of the semiempirical method... 

Bromine has cumulative properties and is deposited in tissues as bromides, displacing other halogens. 

MTDI = maximum tolerable daily intake, or provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) a term used for description of the end point of contaminants with no cumulative properties. Its value represents permissible human exposure as a result of the natural occurrence of the substance in food or drinking water. In the case of trace elements that are both essential nutrients and unavoidable constituents of food, a range is expressed, the lower value representing the level of essentiality and the upper value the PMTDI. 

There is a definite need for a good, long-acting sedative which will have no cumulative properties—perhaps a long-acting chloral hydrate or an agent with slow onset of action but which is rapidly eliminated. 

It is toxic to warm-blooded organisms, its peroral value for rats being 40-50 mg/kg, and to cats 2 mg/kg. Its cumulative properties have not yet been established. It is rapidly resorbed from the digestive tract, but also undergoes fast decomposition and elimination (Dorough et ai, 1978). 

PMTDI (Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake) A provisional estimate of the amount of a hazardous substance with no cumulative properties in food or drinking water, expressed on a body-weight basis, that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk. 

R-phrase R 58 is used to express a cumulative property of a substance in the environment. These substances are persistent, their degradation being very slow. Highly chlorinated hydrocarbons, e.g., hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorophenols, the chlorinated dioxins, and heavy metal compounds are typical examples. 

A solid structural substance produced by a combination of two or more materials that retain their identities. Typically, one of the materials combined is the strengthening agent, the other being the matrix (a thermoset or a thermoplastic resin). The word composite is also used for systems that are reinforced (reinforced where cumulative properties are superior to the individual components) by addition of certain solid particles (i.e., short fibre composites - long fibre composites - continuous fibre composites). 

A note on intensive and extensive properties Many things we are surrounded with can be added or subtracted money, apples, liters of gas. Mass, distance, volume, and time can accumulate and this is how we label them cumulative properties. We can also use the words extrinsic or extensive for these properties. Pressure, on the other hand, depends on two quantities, two properties force and area. We say that pressure is a composite property. For this reason we cannot add, subtract, or multiply two pressures. There are other properties that cannot be added, subtracted, and multiplied with each other and we have a common name for them intensive properties. Other words with the same meaning as intensive are intrinsic or specific. 

The cumulative properties of pesticides may be studied under different experimental conditions. A necessary minimum of data can be obtained through acute and subacute experiments involving enteral administration of substances. 

These types characterize only the qualitative aspects of a substance s cumulative properties. Quantitative evaluation would primarily depend on how long the enzyme function is rendered inactive. If this period is long enough for newly entering poisons to act on already inhibited reactions, the effect appears strictly in accord with the classical concept of accumulation (both for materially and functionally accumulating substances). Thus the ability to express the cumulative effects of a substance is dependent on the reactivation time of the primary functional activity of the biological macromolecules, because their interaction with the poison is the main mechanism of a toxic process. 

The cumulative properties of different substances can be compared by checking the values of Ccum defined by the administration of 0.05 LD50 and 0.1 LD50. Four levels of accumulation—super, marked, moderate, and slight—are defined in Table 2. 

Analysis of research results on pesticide cumulative properties can enable calculation of tentatively safe exposure levels (TSELs) in workplace air. After unified data became available, equations of paired and multiple regression were suggested as the basis for calculating these levels by toxicity and cumulation indices. TSELs have now been calculated for workplace air on pesticides used in the USSR (Kagan and Sasinovich 1973). 

The maximum allowable concentration of a pesticide in workplace air is established by decreasing threshold concentrations for a specific number of inhalation tests (usually two to 20). Minor safety factors (two to three) are applied for slightly toxic substances that do not have cumulative properties and exhibit only slightly marked differences in species sensitivity. A safety factor of 10 to 20 is considered acceptable for highly toxic substances with a narrow acute action zone, marked accumulation, and essential differences in species sensitivity. 

Formulas for safety factors are calculated according to cumulative properties, species sensitivity coefficient, and occurrence of delayed adverse effects (Sidorov 1980). It should be noted that the safety factor is designed mainly to allow for the potentially higher sensitivity of humans to specific pesticides than laboratory animals. This factor should also ensure the safety of a selected dose or concentration if new, unexpected adverse properties are identified for the substance in question. The final adjustment of health standards is based on clinical and epidemiological examinations of people exposed to that substance. 

Accepted criteria for toxicological and hygienic pesticide assessments in the USSR are also systematically reviewed, with respect to the evaluation of physical and chemical properties, toxicity as defined through acute and subacute experiments, cumulative properties, and effects on skin and mucous membranes. The methodology for establishing threshold and noneffective (harmless) levels is also described, along with the prediction of delayed adverse effects. 

Kagan YS, Krasovskiy GN, Shtabskiy BM (1986) Cumulative properties of chemicals, their study, and evaluation. In Toxicology of Chemical Substances Contaminating the Environment. Centre of International Projects GKNT pp 104-134. 

Shtabsky VM, Kagan YS (1974) Evaluation of cumulative properties of chemicals according to the index and standardization of coefficient of cumulation. Gigiena i sanitariya 3 65-67. 

By definition, biocides are toxicologically active. It is therefore important to ensure that they are not harmful, in the doses used, to humans and other warm blooded animals. In particular, no cumulative properties... 

In summary, then, the following general statements can be made regarding protein adsorption. The surface activity of a protein is a cumulative property influenced by many factors, including size, shape, charge, surface hydrophobicity, and thermodynamic stability. Protein adsorption exhibits diversity in behavior from one surface to another and from one protein to another. This diversity results from the complexity of the protein structure itself and from the many variables on which protein adsorption depends. 

Reactive scattering state-selected and cumulative properties... 

The molar absorptivity (s) is constant for a particular chromophoric group (or chromogen) at a given wavelength. Where values for e are very large, it is convenient to express it as its logarithm (logipE). The absorbance (extinction) is a cumulative property for a mixture of two or more components ... 

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