Fibre continued

Particulate fHer Diaoontinuous fibres Continuous fibres... 

Figure 7. (a) Flow diagram of the optical fibre continuous-flow system for bioluminescence and chemiluminescence measurements S, sample C, carrier stream PP, peristaltic pump IV, injection valve W, waste FO, optical fibre FC, flow-cell, (b) Details of the optical fibre biosensor/flow-cell interface a, optical fibre b, sensing layer c, light-tight flow-cell d, stirring bar. 

POFs can also emit light without indentation of the surface fibre or cladding (Figure 8.2). Bending the fibre continuously at a certain rate causes the whole fibre to appear as light emitting. This alternative fits truly for textile construction, hence this option was chosen for this project. 

In the year 2000, according to UN data, the 15 largest manufacturing countries produced over 28.2 million tons of artificial fibres based on cellulose and synthetics. Germany was the eighth largest producer with 0.9 million tons. The world production of chemical fibres continued to increase to approximately 30 million tons by 2002. The increase was predominantly for the production of synthetic fibres, which make up approximately 93% of all artificial fibres (see Fig. 3.1). 

This kind of orientation is widespread in fibres. Continuous transitions between random orientation and perfect uniaxial orientation will exist according as the average orientation of the o -axis of the particles is more and more a preferred one with respect... 

Milled Fibres—Continuous glass strands hammer-milled into small modules of filamentised glass. Useful as anticrazing reinforcing fillers for adhesives. 

The Nomex family products consists of staple fibres, continuous filament yarns, paper, woven, hydroentangled and coated fabrics, and they are used in firefighter garments insulation in fire resistant thermal protective apparel and apparel fabrics to protect against flash fire and electric arc exposure. Examples of DuPont Nomex fibres suitable for protective clothing are summarized in Table 3.3 below. 

Steel fibres continue to have a wide range of apphcations in civil engineering materials. There are some structural applications where they have been used in concrete without any conventional reinforcing bars. These have been short span, elevated slabs, for example a parking garage at Heathrow Airport... 

The glass transition temperature of polyamide fibres continues to evoke interest with a paper on the effect of molecular structure, water, fibre structure and experimental technique on this property which was related to dyeability. ... 

Polyamide 6 can be produced both by batch or continuous polymerisation. Batch polymerisation is preferably used for changing polymer formulations with a wide range of molecular weight, mostly compounding grades. Continuous polymerisation reactors - VK columns (Vereinfacht Kontinuierlich) - have a lower range of product mix but higher productivity and are, i.e. used for the production of textile or industrial fibres. Continuous processes can be operated with one or two reactors in series. 

Nonwovens are structures of textile materials, such as fibres, continuous filaments, or chopped yarns of any nature or origin, that have been formed into webs by any means, and bonded together by any means, excluding the interlacing of yams as in woven fabric, knitted fabric, laces, braided fabric or tufted fabric. 

Yarns are continuous fibre bundles with the fibres partially oriented. The preparation of yarn has been based on either an in situ or a postspinning twisting process. The preparation of a continuous nanofibre yam consists of a special deposition system which collect the fibres continuously and twists in sequence so as to form a continuous yarn. A metal cylinder (Ko et al., 2003) and a funnel-like collector (Kim et al., 2003) have been employed for this purpose, and when the nanofibres are electrospun to the inner side of the collector, they are drawn mechanically, or with the aid of vacuum, into a continuous thread, and twisted by rotating the collector or by using an additional twisting system, to form a continuous yam (Fig. 5.9). 

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