Credibility of Results

A 2-electrode experiment can yield a true STH efficiency if a carefully calibrated light source is used and if gas evolution is verified. If every photogenerated electron and hole drive the HER and OER, respectively (known as 100 % Faradaic efficiency) the measured photocurrent density can directly correlate to STH. 

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What is the role of accumulating evidence about the true treatment effect on the credibility of results from a hypothesis test ... 

Operations The QRA team will need specific data on how the system is actually operated. For example, are the bypass valves normally left open to increase throughput, what happens when the high level alarm sounds, or do operators bypass interlocks to continue production Human actions/errors are usually dominant contributors to the real-world risks, and truthful data on actual process operations are vital to credible QRA results. Expect to commit one full-time equivalent for the life of the project. 

The effective use of risk results demands not only selecting appropriate means of establishing the credibility of the results, but also considering the audience who is or will inevitably become aware of or review those... 

Apart from inspection and test records (clause 4.10.5), the standard does not require records to be authenticated, certified, or validated. A set of results without being endorsed with the signature of the person who captured them lacks credibility. Facts that have been obtained by whatever means should be certified for four reasons ... 

In many Mediterranean countries, water reuse regulations to be applied have long been uncertain. Several countries have not yet set up their own water reuse regulations. This raises doubts about the credibility of water reuse criteria and thus about the treatment technologies to be used and the reliability and appropriateness of those aheady implemented. The result is that in several countries, a number of planned water reuse projects are getting postponed. 

The implemented model must be tested with regard to correctness and completeness. Therefore, i.e., to validate the model and ensure the credibility of the simulation results, suitable scenarios with a broad spectrum of different events are reproduced with the model and compared to reality (or to expectations on reality). A model validated successfully can then be used for several systematic experiments (or as part of other applications, e.g., as part of a MES). 

In the preceeding section mention was made of ion association (ion-pairing) which, for the purposes of this paper, will refer to coulombic entities with or without cosphere overlap. Experimental support for ion-pairing has come from sound attenuation (2). Raman spectroscopy (2) and potentiometry (2, 2). Credibility has resulted from the model of Fuoss (2) applied by Kester and Pytkowicz (2). 

In the manufacturing process, the QA and QC laboratories are fundamental in assuring sterility, purity, labeling accuracy, and other aspects of quality. The GLPs provide the template for control to assure the reliability of results and the credibility of the final product. 

There are two general types of aerosol source apportionment methods dispersion models and receptor models. Receptor models are divided into microscopic methods and chemical methods. Chemical mass balance, principal component factor analysis, target transformation factor analysis, etc. are all based on the same mathematical model and simply represent different approaches to solution of the fundamental receptor model equation. All require conservation of mass, as well as source composition information for qualitative analysis and a mass balance for a quantitative analysis. Each interpretive approach to the receptor model yields unique information useful in establishing the credibility of a study s final results. Source apportionment sutdies using the receptor model should include interpretation of the chemical data set by both multivariate methods. 

Each interpretive approach to the receptor model yields unique information useful in establishing the credibility of the final results. 

It must be emphasized that this is not a strict LCA method, rather it is the use of the methodology to address key issues in the industries that utilize solvents. Becanse of the large amount of data required by a full LCA, a lot of attention has been directed toward developing a streamlined LCA approach. The goal of streamlining LCA is to reduce the time and cost of doing an LCA withont sacrificing the credibility of the results. A streamlined approach would make LCA more applicable by more users, especially smaller companies that may be limited in resources and unable to condnct LCAs (Curran, 1996). 

Credibility of analytical data has never caught the public s eye more than today. Rather than on the used techniques and methodologies themselves, attention is nowadays paid to the quality and reliability of the final results. This is influenced by... 

We have also measured the ground-state dipole moment of DANS (VII), in CHCI3, and obtained the value 7.6 D. This, indeed, was an encouraging result since it further supported the credibility of our molecular design approach that was developed to speed up the search for new NLO materials. 

It should be stressed that whilst these two mechanistic rate equations have the same form, the molecular processes they are derived from are different, and the respective second-order rate constants (corresponding to the mechanistic rate constants k and k4 for bimolecular processes ri and r4 in Scheme 4.6) extracted from the experimental results differ by three orders of magnitude, as shown in Table 4.3. The more credible of the two alternatives, in... 

The committee s attention to those limitations and uncertainties is important for two reasons. First, full disclosure of limiting factors gives scientists and the public a fuller understanding of the reliability and credibility of biomonitoring results. It provides risk assessors with information needed to characterize risk conclusions fully, as called for by the National Research Council risk-assessment paradigm (NRC 1983 1994). Second, and equally important, the kinds of uncertainty define data gaps for immediate attention and related long-term research needs. 

Four qualitative criteria or hallmarks for judging the quality of data have been described— appropriateness, accuracy, integrity and transparency. Attentiveness to each hallmark is critical to the defensibility and credibility of exposure assessments. Thus, exposure assessment should follow the main scientific desiderata of any applied science empirical testing, data modelling, documentation and reproducibility of results, explicit reporting of assumptions, limitations and uncertainty, peer review and an open debate about underlying theories and models. Transparency is key to the success of all of these steps. 

Kramers-Kronig (KK) transformation of the reflection spectra. This provides the optical absorption "(cu) semiexperimentally and allows a thorough analysis of the various relaxation mechanisms creating the absorption lineshape (2.102), (2.111) of an ideal finite crystal in its phonon bath. This method is currently used. However, two major difficulties often obscure the credibility of the results ... 

A model is proposed whereby statistically significant results always increase the credibility of a treatment effect, but precisely how convinced we become depends upon our prior assessment of the likelihood of a difference in outcomes. 

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