Source and composition

The substances used as colours in the arts and industries are of diverse nature and origin according to their source and composition they may be divided into two main classes, namely, mineral and organic, these being treated separately below. 

Zall, R.R. 1992. Sources and composition of whey and permeate. In Whey and Lactose Processing (J.G. Zadow, ed.), Chapter 1, pp. 1-72. Elsevier Applied Science, London. 

Excellent overviews of the sources and composition of DOC in aquatic ecosystems are provided in Chapters 1, 2, and 4. In this chapter, I focus on sources of DOC at large spatial scales. 

The microbial loop concept has been the prevailing paradigm for marine microbial food webs for two decades and has stimulated work on DOM sources and composition, rates of biomass production, transfer efficiencies, and respiratory losses (Benner, 1998 del Giorgio and Cole, 2000 Ducklow, 2000 Williams, 2000). The only major modification has arisen from new information on the abundance and ecology of viruses (Wilhelm and Suttle, 1999 Fuhrman, 1999, 2000). 

This volume is organized into three major sections (1) Sources and Composition, (2) Transformation and Regulation, and (3) Approaches to Synthesis. 

Bianchi, T.S., Rolfe, C., and Lambert, C.D. (1997d) Sources and composition of particulate organic carbon in the Baltic Sea the use of plant pigments and lignin-phenols as biomarkers. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 156, 25-31. 

Engelhaupt, E., and Bianchi, T.S. (2001) Sources and composition of high-molecular-weight dissolved organic carbon in a southern Louisiana tidal stream (Bayou Trepagnier). Lirnnol. Oceanogr. 46, 917-926. 

Raw materials. Alkyl sulphates are the products of the reaction of SO3 with fatty alcohols which are key materials in surfactants, being used in a wide range of anionics (and nonionics). Since the source and composition of alcohols are so important to such a wide range of surfactants, it is worth examining them in some detail. 

Oils used mainly for the health benefits of specific fatty acids are always a potential source of adulteration. Chapter 4 investigates three types of these oils fish oils, evening primrose oil and borage oil (once used as an adulterant of evening primrose oil, but now an acknowledged oil in its own right). The first two are reasonably well defined, but fish oils—because of the range of sources and compositions—still present a problem for analysts. 

Heavy Metals Limits (Policy) The Committee on Food Chemicals Codex notes the importance of providing limits for individual heavy metals as required by the source and composition of individual food additives. Thus, it has decided to remove from most monographs the general heavy metals (as lead) limits and tests and, based on the current level and availability of scientific information and on the policy stated below, to replace them with limits and tests for specific heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury as may be relevant to each substance. 

Gas source and composition, volume% Sulfur burning furnace Metallurgical furnaces Waste acid decomposition furnace... 

The source and composition of terrestrial nonradiogenic xenon have been difficult to constrain, because atmospheric xenon does not match any widespread solar system xenon composition. 

By virtue of where, when, and how the various organic matter inputs were formed and transported to the underlying sediments, it is possible to exploit specific chemical and isotopic characteristics to make inferences about the sources and composition of sedimentary organic matter. Much of this information is inaccessible at the bulk level. For example, bulk elemental compositions and stable carbon isotopic compositions are often insufficiently unique to distinguish and quantify sedimentary inputs. Abundances and distributions of source-specific organic compounds ( biomarkers ) can help to identify specific inputs. However, this molecular marker approach suffers from the fact that the source diagnostic marker compounds are... 

SixJ., Guggenberger G., Faustian K., Haumaier L., Elliott E.T., and Zech W. (2001) Sources and composition of soil organic matter fractions between and within soil aggregates. Euro. J. Soil Sci. 52(4), 607 -618. 

This chapter reviews the source and composition of rice bran oil, its nutritional characteristics, production, and rehning of the oil and its applications. 

Sources and compositions of fatty materials, and characteristics of animals that will use them, were reviewed above. Approximately 3000-4000 citations on research in feeding fats to various species are available in computer-searchable databases, now approaching their twenty fifth year. The reader is referred to these for the role of fat in additional feedstuffs and animal species. Several principles stand out, which are discussed in the following paragraphs. 

Anderson RR, Martello DV, Rohar PC, et al. Sources and composition of PM 2.5 at the National Energy Technology Laboratory in Pittsburgh during July and August of 2000. Energy Fuels 2002 16(2) 261 9. 

Consumers and regulators all over the world, but particularly in the more developed countries, are becoming increasingly involved in and concerned about the source and composition of the flavorings in food. In many cases, especially on the side of consumers, there is an increased preference for what are called "natural flavors". 

Source and Composition. OC is an oily reddish-brown extract of pepper plants of the genus Capsicum, principally from Capsicum an-nuum and Capsicum frutescens. Depending on the variety of the chilli pepper, OC contains from 0.01 to 1.0% capsaicinoids on a dry mass basis. The extract is a complex mixture of fat-soluble phenols (capsaicinoids), some of which are listed in Table 4. The composition of OC is highly variable and depends on factors such as the conditions of extraction, maturity of the fruit and environmental conditions in which the Capsicum plants were grown. Thus, the capsaicinoid content of extracts used in pepper spray varies between manufacturers (1.2-12.6% Smith and Stopford, 1999). Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin make up to 80-90% of the total capsaicinoids in OC extract. 

Oleochemical demands. This book is concerned with the source and composition of vegetable oils for use in the food industry, but it must not be forgotten that some 14% of total oils and fats are used in the oleochemical industry. The fats most in demand for this purpose (including some that are not considered in this book) are the two lauric oils (coconut and palmkemel), tallow, palm (especially palm stearin), linseed and castor. In addition, most vegetable oils find some... 

The Ce-rich RE mixture mischmetal (MM) is produced with a fairly wide compositional range. Thus, properties reported for MMCo5 vary widely depending on source and composition of the MM, especially the Ce content. Unfortunately, the MM composition was often not reported. 

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