Qualitative criteria

Be quantitative and continuous to avoid qualitative criteria, which can hardly be bonded to accurate physico-chemical properties and distort estimates close to thresholds. 

What are the general NBO descriptors that distinguish a dative from a covalent AB bond Two qualitative criteria may be taken as characteristic of dative bonding. 

As to risk significance, the degree of alteration in the current environment should be amended with qualitative and semi-qualitative criteria. Ecological impact significance should be considered in terms of ... 

NFPA 704 is a voluntary standard. Table 5 lists the five degrees of hazard defined in NFPA 704. The NFPA hazard rating system primarily relies on qualitative criteria and judgment to assign chemical... 

Kalberlah and Schneider also noted that, in the case of studies with gavage, a route-to-route extrapolation is limited in validity due to the possible influence of peak concentrations. The authors concluded that, on the basis of the above-mentioned qualitative criteria, it is necessary to examine in each individual case whether a route-to-route extrapolation appears justified. 

Now let us see how this result is to be understood in terms of the DLVO theory. At first glance, it seems remarkable that any consistency at all can be found in tests as arbitrary as the CCC determination. It is not difficult, however, to show that these results are quite close to the values predicted in terms of the DLVO model for interacting blocks with flat faces. From an inspection of Figure 13.8, we concluded that the system at k = 108 m l would be stable with respect to coagulation, whereas the one at k = 3 108 m l would coagulate. Furthermore, we examined the energy barrier to draw these conclusions. Next we must ask how the qualitative criteria we used in discussing the curves can be translated into an analytical expression. 

Reduction of the subjective values or criteria to a specified compound, group of compounds or physical factor is often a very difficult endeavor, but one by one each of the so-called "qualitative criteria" is being linked to the presence or absence of specific constituents. Sometimes only a single compound is involved, however, often the qualitative character is the result of additive or even synergistic interactions of two or more constituents. Thus, since there are so many different characteristics that can contribute to the total quality of any single food product, it is paramount that precise objective methodology be developed for each parameter. 

Chapter 4 covers the site selection and site controlling phase. Consequently, it deals with the assessment of individual production sites based on primarily qualitative criteria. Alternative Multiple Attribute Decision Analysis methods are reviewed and a decision support model employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process, which can be used both for site selection problems and as a controlling tool to perform site portfolio rankings of entire production networks, is proposed. Experiences from application in industry are reported. 

In a second phase, alternative sites to locate the consolidated site were evaluated. Four sites were considered with one of the alternatives involving a co-location at an existing site and the others requiring the construction of a new site. To reflect the nature of the decision problem the objective hierarchy described above was modified to include the net present value of the alternatives in addition to the qualitative criteria. On this basis trade-offs between qualitative and quantitative objectives were analyzed. In the case example it turned out that co-locating the plant at the existing site is both the most attractive option financially (mainly because no property rent or acquisition was required) and from a qualitative perspective (mainly due to proximity of the existing site to major customers). It should be noted that no major utilities infrastructure was required for the value chain considered and hence constructing a new site could not be ruled out up front for financial reasons. 

Analytical completeness is the number of valid measurements as a percentage of the total number of measurements. One measurement is defined as an analytical result for one target analyte. A measurement is valid if it meets the quantitative acceptance criteria for accuracy and precision and the qualitative criteria for representativeness that have been established in the SAP. The total number of measurements can be defined in two different ways as follows ... 

Concerning the comparison among thiophene, furan, and pyrrole, the reactivity order was established mainly on the basis of qualitative criteria. 

On the basis of these qualitative criteria the following order of reactivity was universally established benzene[Pg.263]

In general, a double replacement results if one combination of ions leads to a precipitate, a gas or an un-ionized or very slightly ionized species such as water. In all of these reaction classes, it is very often possible to use your physical senses to observe whether a chemical reaction has occurred. The qualitative criteria may involve the formation of a gaseous product, the formation of a precipitate, a change in color, or a transfer of energy. 

Once the event/failure pathways for loss of containment scenarios have been identified, consequence analysis is used to establish the extent of damage and/or hazard footprints. For simple cases, many operating companies employ qualitative criteria to categorize the consequences of the identified failure modes. For complex cases, complete and detailed calculations are utilized to assess the hazard impact. 

Four basic hallmarks of data quality—appropriateness, accuracy, integrity and transparency—are introduced in this document. These hallmarks of data quality represent basic principles that are applicable in many analytical endeavours but are tailored here to the needs of exposure assessment. Through the introduction of these hallmarks, this document provides a common vocabulary and set of qualitative criteria for use in the design, evaluation and use of exposure assessments to support decisions. This general guidance is intended for... 

Four qualitative criteria or hallmarks for judging the quality of data have been described— appropriateness, accuracy, integrity and transparency. Attentiveness to each hallmark is critical to the defensibility and credibility of exposure assessments. Thus, exposure assessment should follow the main scientific desiderata of any applied science empirical testing, data modelling, documentation and reproducibility of results, explicit reporting of assumptions, limitations and uncertainty, peer review and an open debate about underlying theories and models. Transparency is key to the success of all of these steps. 

The qualitative criteria for solvent selection for hydrocarbon mixtures have been discussed by Prausnitz and Anderson (9) and Weimer and Prausnitz (10). Since a review was presented recently by Tassios (II), only the conclusions are discussed here. 

H bond formation has dramatically obvious and unusual effects on the IR and Raman spectra. The most prominent of the spectral changes occur in the region of v. near 3500 cm (3/u). These changes have properly eissumed the importance of qualitative criteria for H... 

In addition to qualitative studies, DCM facilitates quantitative analyses. Broad (2003), for instance, calculated criteria frequencies in addition to producing qualitative criteria maps. In addition, Stations (2007) calculated the approximate frequencies of placement evaluators criteria use, which were depicted in qual-itative/quantitative criteria maps. Stations... 

Merging and restructuring Now that the schemas are ready to be superimposed, how should they be combined Batini et al. [1986] offers the following qualitative criteria to decide on the correctness of the merged schema ... 

The electronic model is almost invariably invoked IR and UV spectra are easy to obtain and are required for proper characterization—but the information obtained is highly qualitative. Certain aspects of the magnetic model are also easy to apply, and high hopes have been held for the magnetic model as a criterion of aromaticity. Indeed, it does provide useful qualitative criteria, but chemical shifts and coupling constants are sensitive to other structural and environmental influences so as to hinder quantitative application. 

It is quite noteworthy that within the STL database, only an insignificant fraction of the molecules appear as poor drug candidates from this point of view Only 115 of the 4861 compounds (2.4 %) meet two or more of these points, i.e. conflict with Lipinski s rule. In fact, only 211 STL (4.3 %) violate any one of the mentioned criteria. A total of 189 compounds possess a molecular weight > 500, the number of H-bond acceptors is >10 in 126 molecules, while a number of H-bond donors >5 occurs only in 15 and a log P > 5 only in 28 cases. Thus, based on these simple qualitative criteria, the class of STLs as a whole appears to be a very "drug-like" family of natural products with respect to their expected absorption properties. 

The criteria used for V V can be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative criteria involve a subjective assessment on the logic or similarity of the tested model. In contrast, quantitative criteria measure the similarity or consistency by a numerical comparison of a reference value from the reference system with a (calculated) test value obtained from the tested model.i Table 4.8 shows examples of V V techniques according to the categorization criteria discussed. 

Qualitative criteria have been suggested by Newell and Lee (1988) to guide the selection of controlled and manipulated variables, suitable for an initial analysis in the design of a plantwide control system. These guidelines, which are presented next, are driven by the plant and control objectives and should not be applied without due consideration. When two... 

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