Urine aluminum

Allain P, Mauras Y, Krari N, et al. 1990. Plasma and urine aluminum concentrations in healthy subjects after administration of sucralfate. Br J Clin Pharmacol 29 391-395. 

Koo WWK, Krug-Wispe SK, Succop P, et al. 1992. Sequential serum aluminum and urine aluminum Creatinine ratio and tissue aluminum loading in infants with fractures/rickets. Pediatrics 89 877-881. 

The assay for pantothenic acid in whole blood, serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid is described here. Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC No. 8014 (formerly L. arabinosus) is used for the assay. The basal medium for assay (Table 2) is made up in double strength 2.5-ml portions of the medium are distributed into 10-ml borosilicate micro-Fembach flasks provided with aluminum caps (H18). Solutions to be assayed are added and distilled water used to bring the volume to 5 ml. The techniques for maintenance and assay are the same as those for L. casei (B12). Full growth at 37° takes 3 days. 

Ingested aluminum is poorly absorbed, and there appears to be no retention of aluminum from nutritional sources in individuals with normal kidneys. Dusts of metallic aluminum and aluminum oxide are not significantly absorbed systemically, although fume from welding aluminum is absorbed through the lungs, producing a rise in aluminum levels in plasma and urine. 

Aluminum Hydroxide + Magnesium Hydroxide (Maalox) [OTC] [Antacid/Aluminum Magnesium Salts] Uses Hyper-acidity (peptic ulcer, hiatal hernia, etc) Action Neutralizes gastric acid Dose Adults. 10-20 mL or 2-4 tabs PO qid or PRN Feds. 5-15 mL PO qid or PRN Caution [C, ] Disp Tabs, susp SE May cause t Mg in renal insuff, constipation, D Interactions In addition to AlOH, X effects OF digoxin, quinolones, phenytoin, Fe supl, ketoconazole EMS None OD May cause constipation, loss of appetite, painful urination, heart rhythm changes, muscle weakness, and peripheral edema symptomatic and supportive... 

Only a small amount of aluminum is absorbed, and is usually readily eliminated in the urine, unless renal function is impaired. Then absorbed Ap+ can contribute to osteoporosis, encephalopathy, and proximal myopathy. There is some concern that excess of aluminium may contribute to the development of Alzheimer s disease and other neurodegen-erative disorders. 

K. Chiba, K. Tsunoda, H. Haraguchi, K. Fuwa, Determination of fluorine in urine and blood serum by aluminum monofluoride molecular absorption spectrometry and with a fluoride ion selective electrode. Anal. Chem. 52 (1980) 1582-1585. 

Mechanism of Action An antacid that reduces gastric acid by binding with phosphate in the intestine, and then is excreted as aluminum carbonate in feces. Aluminum carbonate may increase the absorption of calcium due to decreased serum phosphate levels. The drug also has astringent and adsorbent properties. Therapeutic Effect Neutralizes or increases gastric pH reduces phosphates in urine, preventing formation of phosphate urinary stones reduces serum phosphate levels decreases fluidity of stools. 

The substances used for cleaning and roughening the surface of the stone so as to facilitate the absorption or adherence of the color are various. Alum, which doubtless comprised as with Dioscorides and Pliny salts of iron as well as of aluminum, is frequently used, although white alum is here often specifically mentioned. Urine is frequently used, its efficiency being doubtless due to the carbonate of ammonium formed on standing. Limewater, sodium carbonate, vinegar, and a solution of sulphur and lime (polysulphides of calcium) are other constituents of the mordanting solutions. 

Many of the private laboratories offer screening for heavy metals (including lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, aluminum, and nickel) and other chemicals, such as PCBs, chlorinated solvents, trichloroethylene, and pesticides. One such laboratory advertised testing for nearly 70 chemicals. Occupational screening was also offered at some of the laboratories. For many laboratories, people may order test and screening kits over the Internet, by fax, or by telephone. A person can send in a blood, urine, or hair sample for analysis. In some cases, a physician s signature is required to have the sample tested. 

Because chlorine is inactivated by blood, serum, feces, and protein-containing materials, surfaces should be cleaned before chlorine disinfectant is applied. Undissociated hypochlorous acid (HOC1) is the active biocidal agent. When pH is increased, the less active hypochlorite ion, OC1 , is formed. When hypochlorite solutions contact formaldehyde, the carcinogen /v.v-chloromethyl is formed. Rapid evolution of irritating chlorine gas occurs when hypochlorite solutions are mixed with acid and urine. Solutions are corrosive to aluminum, silver, and stainless steel. 

Deferoxamine is isolated from Streptomycespilosus. It binds iron avidly but essential trace metals poorly. Furthermore, while competing for loosely bound iron in iron-carrying proteins (hemosiderin and ferritin), it fails to compete for biologically chelated iron, as in microsomal and mitochondrial cytochromes and hemoproteins. Consequently, it is the chelator of choice for iron poisoning (Chapters 33 and 59). Deferoxamine plus hemodialysis may also be useful in the treatment of aluminum toxicity in renal failure. Deferoxamine is poorly absorbed when administered orally and may increase iron absorption when given by this route. It should therefore be administered intramuscularly or, preferably, intravenously. It is believed to be metabolized, but the pathways are unknown. The iron-chelator complex is excreted in the urine, often turning the urine an orange-red color. 

When you eat aluminum in your food or drink it in liquids, very little goes from your stomach into your bloodstream. Most aluminum leaves your body quickly in the feces. The small amount of aluminum that does enter the bloodstream leaves in the urine. You breathe in very little aluminum from the air, and very little can enter your body through the skin. To learn more, see Chapter 2. 

Exposure to aluminum is usually not harmful. Aluminum occurs naturally in many foods. Factory workers who breathe large amounts of aluminum dusts can have lung problems, such as coughing or changes that show up in chest X-rays. The use of breathing masks and controls on the levels of dust in factories have eliminated this problem. Some workers who breathe aluminum dusts or aluminum fumes have decreased performance in some tests that measure functions of the nervous system. Some people who have kidney disease store a lot of aluminum in their bodies. The kidney disease causes less aluminum to be removed from the body in the urine. Sometimes these people developed bone or brain diseases that doctors think were caused by the excess aluminum. Some studies show that people exposed to high levels of aluminum may develop Alzheimer s disease, but other studies have not found this to be true. We do not... 

All people have small amounts of aluminum in their bodies. It can be measured in the blood, feces, or urine. Only the urine measurements can tell you whether you have been exposed to larger-than-normal amounts of aluminum. Your doctor would have to send a sample to a specialized laboratory to do this test. To learn more, see Chapters 2 and 6. 

No adverse effects on renal function or standard urine tests have been noted in humans following intermediate-duration inhalation exposure to aluminum fumes or dust (Mussi et al. 1984) or chronic-duration inhalation exposure to metallic aluminum powder (De Vuyst et al. 1987 McLaughlin et al. 

A study by Anane et al. (1995) provides evidence that aluminum is absorbed through the skin. Increased levels of aluminum were observed in the urine of mice exposed to 0.1 or 0.4 g/day aluminum chloride (0.01-0.04 g Al/day) applied daily to a 4 cm2 shaved area for 130 days. 

Excretion of aluminum may be lower in premature compared to full-term infants (Bougie et al. 1991). Plasma levels of aluminum in premature infants were 14.6 g/L compared to 7.8 g/L in full-term infants, and absolute urinary excretion was reduced. The aluminum-creatinine ratio in the urine was similar in both groups, indicating that the lower excretion in the premature infants may be due to a lower glomerular fdtration rate, thus increasing the risk of aluminum accumulation in this group. 

Aluminum can be measured in the blood, urine, and feces (see Chapter 6 for description of available methods). Since aluminum is found naturally in a great number of foods, it is found in everyone. Unfortunately, exposure levels cannot be related to serum or urine levels very accurately, primarily because aluminum is very poorly absorbed by any route and its oral absorption in particular can be quite affected by other concurrent intakes. There is an indication that high exposure levels are reflected in urine levels, but this cannot be well quantified as much of the aluminum may be rapidly excreted. Aluminum can also be measured in the feces, but this cannot be used to estimate absorption. 

Aluminum concentrations in the urine can serve as an indicator of increased exposure to aluminum because a large proportion of ingested aluminum passes quickly through the body. The normal levels reported in some older studies of aluminum range from 0.05 to 1 mg/L (ppm) in the urine (Kehoe et al. 1940 Tipton et al. 1966). Drablos et al. (1992) analyzed aluminum urine levels in 230 nonexposed workers (controls) and reported a mean aluminum urine level of 0.005 0.003 mg/L (ppm)... 

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