Serum values

Fig. 13 The effect of Tris-Gal-Chol concentration (A) (0, 5, 13, and 200 jig) on the liver association and serum decay of 125I-LDL and (B) 125I-HDL (20 jag). The dotted line represents the maximal contribution of the serum value to the liver uptake. (From Ref. 170.)...

In Table 15, 8 cases are listed in which complete B12 analyses were carried out with the 4 assay organisms. With O. malhamensis the serum values were equal to or higher than those for whole blood about half... 

In this case, sodium emission is monitored at a wavelength of 589.6 nm and potassium at a wavelength of 769.9 nm. The intensity of emission is calibrated with appropriate standards for the samples to be analyzed. In this way it is possible to automatically determine 100 values of sodium and potassium for 100 samples/h using modern clinical instruments. Limits of detection are sub-ppm and for serum values 140 mg/m the range of reproducibility is on the order of 2-3%. 

Glucose >50% of the serum values Acute bacterial meningitis Tuberculosis meningitis Cryptococcal meningitis Listeria meningitis Neurosarcoidosis ... 

An instructive example is the physiological variable serum creatinine. Creatinine is an endogenous metabolite formed from, and thus reflecting, muscle mass. Total body muscle mass is sufficiently constant to render measurement of serum creatinine useful for assessing actual renal function. The serum value of creatinine (R) is namely dependent on the continuous (zero-order) input of creatinine into the blood (A in) and its renal elimination rate, which is a first-order rate process (A out x ) In case of an extensive muscle breakdown, kin will temporarily increase. It may also be permanently low, for example in old age when muscle mass is reduced. Likewise, creatinine clearance may decrease for various reasons, described by a decrease in A out- An increase in creatinine clearance may occur as well, for example following recovery from renal disease. According to pharmacodynamic indirect response models. 

Wyllie et al. ( 8) have studied PCP levels in the air of a small US wood treatment plant (pressure treatment). PCP could be found in all samples, the highest values (0.2-15 yg/M ) were found in samples taken inside the pressure treatment building. Analyses of the PCP-levels in the urine and blood serum from the exposed workers were also included in this study. The urine values ranged between O.OU-O.76 yg/ml and the blood serum values were between 0.35-3.55 yg/ml. A good parallellity was observed between the urine and the blood values, and the highest values were found for a pressure treater and a welder. The dioxin impurities were not discussed in this study. 

Acyclovir is cleared primarily by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. The half-life is 2.5-3 hours in patients with normal renal function and 20 hours in patients with anuria. Acyclovir diffuses readily into most tissues and body fluids. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations are 20-50% of serum values. 

Mertz DP, Koschnick R, Wilk G, et al. 1968. [Studies on the metabolism of trace elements in humans. I. Serum values for cobalt, nickel, silver, cadmium, chromium, molybdenum, manganese],... 

Etodolac distributes well into synovial fluid, the proposed primary site of action of NSAID s. Following multiple doses of 200 mg twice daily for 7 days, the Cmax in synovial fluid was 2.6 pg /mL and the tmax was 3.2 hours [44]. The synovial fluid AUC of total etodolac was about 67% of the serum values [44]. The AUC of the unbound etodolac was 172% of the serum values. After a single 200 mg dose of etodolac, the ratio of (S)-etodolac to (i )-etodolac in six subjects with rheumatoid arthritis was 0.074 in plasma and 0.17 in synovial fluid [45]. 

Table IV. Bone and Serum Values in Osteoporotic and Normal Women...

Glucose (mg dL) 50-66% simultaneous serum value <40 (<60% simultaneous serum value) <30-70 <50-70 <50-70... 

There is no y-GT activity in muscle, bone and erythrocytes. Despite high y-GT activity in kidneys, nephropathies do not result in y-GT elevations. During pregnancy, y-GT activity is normal or the serum values may show a declining tendency from the second trimester onwards. In the liver, y-GT is found in the membranes of hepatocytes and bile duct epithelia. The periphery of the liver lobule has the highest y-GT activity. Gamma-GT passes from the liver into the bile and is then excreted partly by the kidneys in the urine, (s. tabs. 5.4, 5.5)... 

The sensitivity of values determined 2 hours after food consumption seems to be higher than that after fasting. The fasting value is, however, preferred for the sake of reproducibility. In liver diseases, the postprandial increase in serum values can be several times higher than after fasting. In healthy individuals, however, fasting values are only exceeded by 50-70%. The elevation of bile acids in the serum is reflected by an increase in their excretion in the urine (normal < 8 gmol/day). The elevated level of bile acids returns to normal at a relatively slow pace. 

The serum value for copper is increased. Some 80% of the absorbed copper is normally excreted via the bile in the stool. In prolonged cases of cholestasis, copper is deposited in other organs - even forming a faint Kayser-Fleischer ring on the cornea (as observed in Wilson s disease). The retained copper is not toxic, (s. p. 102)... 

LDH quotient The LDH quotient (ascites value serum value) is usually <1.4 in portal ascites, whereas in infected or malignant ascites, values of >1.4 are usual. The absolute discrimination value is given as being higher than 400 U/1. 

Azotaemia develops progressively with an increase in creatinine and urea. These findings point to a drop in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow. The quotient of creatinine in the urine and plasma is high (>40). Likewise, the quotient of urea-N in the urine and plasma is elevated (> 8). There is a reduction in creatinine clearance within 24 hours to < 40 ml/min. The serum value of urea displays a disproportionate increase compared to creatinine (urea-N/creatinine ratio >20), since the tubular reabsorptive capacity with respect to urea depends on diuresis (maximum 2 ml/ min). In hepatorenal syndrome, the minimal urinary flow gives rise to a longer tubular period of contact with greater tubular reabsorption of urea. 

Electrolytes There is evidence of hyponatraemia (= dilutional hyponatraemia or reinforced natriuresis) as well as hypokalaemia (= inadequate supply, intensified kaliuresis, outflow of potassium into the body cells due to i.v. glucose infusions). The serum values of magnesium, phosphate and zinc are also lower as a rule. 

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