Cranberry products

Coppola, E., English, N., Provost, J., Smith, A., and Speroni, J. 1995. Authenticity of cranberry products including non-domestic varieties. In Methods to Detect Adulteration of Fruit Juice Beverages, Vol. 1 (S. Nagy and R.L. Wade, eds.) pp. 287-309. AgScience, Aubumdale, Fla. 

There is good evidence to support the effectiveness of cranberry products in the prevention of symptomatic UTI in adult women with a history of recurrent infection and these patients should be advised to take cranberry products to reduce the frequency of recurrence. However, there are currently no randomised trials to evaluate the use of cranberry products in the treatment of symptomatic UTI (SIGN, 2006). 

Hughes BG, Lawson LD. Nutritional content of cranberry products [letter]. Am J HospPharm 1989 46 1129. 

The incidence and general clinical importance of this interaction is unknown, but the current recommendation of the CSM/MHRA in the UK is that patients taking warfarin should avoid drinking cranberry juice unless the health benefits are considered to outweigh any risks. They recommend increased INR monitoring for any patient taking warfarin and a regular intake of cranberry juice. They also advise similar precautions with other cranberry products (such as capsules or concentrates). Further study is needed. 

Tannins (proanlhocyanidins) Cranberries, cranberry products, cocoa, chocolate Improve urinary tract health. Reduce risk of cardiovascular disease... 

This information is utilized today in barrier packaging encompassing EVAL resins as the premier barrier resin for applications including retort, hot-fill and aseptic packaging in film, pouches, bottles, thermo-formed sheet and molded applications. Foods include tomato products, juices, sauces, barbeque sauces, salad dressings, apple products, cranberry products, meat, cheese flavoring and fish products. Other applications include pesticides, medical and pharmaceutical, and chanical products. These applications are expanding daily. 

P pas, E. and Schaich, M. 2009. Phytochemicals of cranberries and cranberry products characterization, potential health effects, and processing stability. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 49 741-781. 

Sohn H-Y, Son KH, Kwon C-S, Kwon G-S, Kang SS (2004) Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of 18 prenylated flavonoids isolated from medicinal plants Moms alba L., Moms mongolica Schneider, Broussnetia papyrifera (L.) Vent, Sophora flavescens Ait and Echinosophora koreensisHakm. Phytomedicine 11 666-672 Stafford HA (1991) Flavonoid evolution tm enzymic approach. Plant Physiol 96 680-685 Stothers L (2002) A randomized tritil to evaluate effectiveness and cost effectiveness of naturopathic cranberry products as prophyltixis against urinary tract infection in women. Can J Urol 9 1558-1562... 

The various cranberry products may be utilized in ways such as those which follow ... 

NUTRITIONAL VALUE. The nutrient compositions of various cranberry products are given in Food Composition Table F-21. 

Some noteworthy observations regarding the nutrient composition of some of the more common cranberry products follow ... 

Benzoic acid in the free state, or in the form of simple derivatives such as salts, esters, and amides, is widely distributed in nature. Gum benzoin (from styrax ben in) may contain as much as 20% benzoic acid in the free state or in combinations easily broken up by heating. Acaroid resin (from anthorrhoca haslilis) contains from 4.5 to 7%. Smaller amounts of the free acid are found in natural products including the scent glands of the beaver, the bark of the black cherry tree, cranberries, pmnes, ripe cloves, and oil of anise seed. Pern and Tolu balsams contain benzyl benzoate the latter contains free benzoic acid as well. The urine of herbivorous animals contains a small proportion of the glycine derivative of benzoic acid, hippuric acid [495-69-2] (CgH CONHCH2COOH). So-called natural benzoic acid is not known to be available as an item of commerce. 

UF is used to clarify various fruit juices (apple, grape, pear, pineapple, cranberry, orange, lemon) which are recovered as the permeate [Blanch et al., AlChE Symp. Ser. 82, 59 (1986)]. UF has also been used to remove pigments and reducing browning in wine production [Kosikowski in Membrane Separations in Biotechnology, McGregor (ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986]. 

Caffeic acid is generally the most abundant hydroxycinnamic acid in fruit and vegetables. The richest sources are coffee (drink), lettuce, carrots, blueberries, blackberries, cranberries, sweet potatoes (whole, cooked, and raw) and potatoes (Table 2.2). Prunes, peaches, orange juice, apples, tomatoes, grapes, and grape products (Bet6s-Saura and others 1996) also contain small quantities of caffeic acid. 

Fig. 2.71. HPLC chromatogram of the neutral (a) and acidic fractions (b) and the acid-catalysed hydrolysed product of freshly squeezed cranberry juice (c) at 280 nnm. Peaks in a 1 = ( + )-cate-chin 2 = myicetin 3 = quercetin (added as internal standard). Peaks in b 1 = anthocyanin derivative I 2 = benzoic acid 3 = p-anisic acid 4 = quercetin (added as internal standard). Peaks in c 1 = ( + )-catechin 2 = anthocyanin derivative I 3 = anthocyanin derivative II 4 = benzoic acid 5 = anthocyanin derivative III 6 = p-anisic acid 7 = myricetin 8 = quercetin. Reprinted with permission from H. Chen et al. [188].

Keep urine acidic (pH <5.5) by eating food that acidifies urine (meats, eggs, fish, gelatin products, prunes, plums, cranberries) may need to add ascorbic acid... 

Petroleum products such as stove oil were used as selective herbicides in fields of guayule—a rubber-bearing shrub—grown experimentally in California and the Southwest during World War II. Mineral spirits are used rather extensively for weed control in cranberry bogs in the lake states and in the Northwest. 

The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) is larger than the European cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccous) but poorer in aroma. The European cranberry is a valuable raw material in the production of alcoholic drinks, liqueurs and jams in Scandinavia [35]. A few older studies report approximately 70 volatile compounds in cranberry [124, 125]. Cranberry aroma is characterised by several aromatic compounds, such as 1-phenylethanol, 2-phenylethanol,... 

Anjou and von Sydow (1967) reported that 0.2% of the essential oil of the American cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, consisted of isophorone they did not report the percentage of isophorone or the percentage of essential oil in whole cranberries. Without this information it is not possible to estimate the concentration of isophorone in whole cranberries and compare the concentration to other sources. However, frequent consumption of cranberry containing products is unlikely to represent significant intake of isophorone. Ingestion of isophorone from consumption of fish and shellfish cannot validly be estimated from the available data (see Table 5-2). 

Hydroquinone is both a natural and an anthropogenic compound. It occurs naturally as a conjugate with (3-D-glucopyranoside in the leaves, bark and fruit of a number of plants, especially the ericaceous shrubs such as cranberry cowberry bearberry and blueberry. It may be released to the environment as a fugitive emission during its production, formulation and use as a chemical intermediate, photographic chemical and stabilizer (United States National Library of Medicine, 1997). Users of skin-bleaching formulations may be exposed to hydroquinone. 

In nearly all other. cases, isopropylidene derivatives were used. Diace toneglucose formed a monobenzoate from which the acetone groups could be removed by dilute acids. The glucose monobenzoate so produced is isomeric with, or may possibly be identical with, a product obtained from vacciniin, which C. Griebel had isolated in 1910 from cranberries (Vac-ciniurn iritis idea). 

Individual anthocyanin composition is distinctive for any given plant, so anthocyanin analysis is very useful in distinguishing between species. Chemotaxonomic differentiation is commonly based on qualitative differences (163), furthermore within one cultivar (e.g., grapes) even varieties can be discriminated by quantitative differences (164). The anthocyanic profiles of 11 different grape varieties obtained with RP-HPLC are shown in Fig. 15 (165). The characteristic differences in anthocyanin patterns have also been successfully applied to the detection of adulterations in products of cranberries (166), black currants (166), blackberries (167), and grapes (168). 

Although benzoic acid occurs naturally in some substances, such as gum benzoin, dragon s blood resin, balsams, cranberries, and the urine of the ox and horse, the product is made on a large scale by synthesis from other materials. Benzoic acid can be manufactured by the liquid-phase oxidation of toluene by air in a continuous oxidation reactor operated at moderate pressure and temperature ... 

TMS production involves one specific functional group (-OH, -COOH, =NH, -NH2, or -SH), which loses an activated hydrogen and is replaced by a trimethylsilyl group (Proestos et ah, 2006). To achieve silylation, some authors have used BSTFA (N,0-hA(trimethyl-silyl)trifluoroacetamide) and TMCS (trimethylchlorosilane) successfully in several matrices (e.g. aromatic plants, cranberry fixiit) (Zuo et ah, 2002 Proestos et ah, 2006). Using silylated derivatives is advantageous for several reasons phenols and carboxylic acids are prone to silylation, these compounds can be derivatized in the same part of the process, and the minor products do not impede analysis and are well documented (Little, 1999 Stalikas, 2008). A two-step methylation procedure was used to analyze catechins and tannins in plant extracts. The first step used trimethylsilyl diazomethane (TMS-diazomethane) to pre-methylate the sample, and the second step used thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM). The pre-methylation step with TMS-diazomethane stabilized the dimer molecule m/z 540) by minimizing isomerization and reducing reactivity. (Shadkami et ah, 2009). 

Alpha-linolenic acid (18 3n-3) is an 18-carbon fatty acid with three double bonds at carbons 9, 12, and 15. It is an essential n-3 fatty acid that is a required nutrient for human beings and can be obtained through diets including both plant and animal sources. Alpha-linolenic acid can be converted by elongases and desaturases to other beneficial n-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosa-hexaenoic acid (DHA), which are implicated in normal brain development, normal vision, and a decreased risk of heart disease. Novel dietary sources of n-3 fatty acids are desired for those who do not consume adequate amounts of fish or fish-based food products rich in long-chain n-3 fatty acids. This section summarized fruit, spice, and herb seed oils rich in a-linolenic acid (18 3n-3). These include black raspberry, red raspberry, boysenberry, marionberry, blueberry, cranberry, sea buckthorn, basil, and hemp seed oils. 

The North American cranberry, Vaccinum macrocarpon, is best adapted to grow at higher latitudes and in bog terrains. It is grown for production in Wisconsin, Maine, New Jersey, Oregon, and Washington in the United States, and British Columbia and Quebec in Canada. Cranberries are also grown in Europe, but are a different species of Vaccinum. The total production in the United States for the year 2002 was 284,200 tons and was projected to be 291,500 tons in 2003 (http //usda.mann-lib.cornell.edu/reports/nassr/fruit/zcr-bb/cran0803.pdf). 

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