American cranberry

Zuo Y, Wang C and Zhan J. 2002. Separation, characterization, and quantitation of benzoic and phenolic antioxidants in American cranberry fruit by GC-MS. J Agric Food Chem 50(13) 3789-3794. 

Zuo, Y. Chen, H. Deng, Y. Isolation and Identification of Flavonol Glycosides in American Cranberry Fruit using HPLC and GC-MS. Proceedings of the 233rd American Chemical Society National Meeting, Chicago, IL, March 25-29, 2007. 

Isolation and Identification of Plant Growth Inhibitors from Leaves of the American Cranberry Vaccinium... 

An extract of leaves of the American cranberry plant, Vaccinium macrocarpon, was examined for growth inhibitors. No free parasorbic acid, a known growth inhibitor from cranberry leaves, could be isolated in the absence of a preliminary acid or base treatment. 

WEPPLO Plant Growth Inhibitors from American Cranberry Leaves... 

Proanthocyanidins American cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpori) Reflectron (+) lAA 306... 

The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) is larger than the European cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccous) but poorer in aroma. The European cranberry is a valuable raw material in the production of alcoholic drinks, liqueurs and jams in Scandinavia [35]. A few older studies report approximately 70 volatile compounds in cranberry [124, 125]. Cranberry aroma is characterised by several aromatic compounds, such as 1-phenylethanol, 2-phenylethanol,... 

Anjou and von Sydow (1967) reported that 0.2% of the essential oil of the American cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, consisted of isophorone they did not report the percentage of isophorone or the percentage of essential oil in whole cranberries. Without this information it is not possible to estimate the concentration of isophorone in whole cranberries and compare the concentration to other sources. However, frequent consumption of cranberry containing products is unlikely to represent significant intake of isophorone. Ingestion of isophorone from consumption of fish and shellfish cannot validly be estimated from the available data (see Table 5-2). 

The North American cranberry, Vaccinum macrocarpon, is best adapted to grow at higher latitudes and in bog terrains. It is grown for production in Wisconsin, Maine, New Jersey, Oregon, and Washington in the United States, and British Columbia and Quebec in Canada. Cranberries are also grown in Europe, but are a different species of Vaccinum. The total production in the United States for the year 2002 was 284,200 tons and was projected to be 291,500 tons in 2003 (http //usda.mann-lib.cornell.edu/reports/nassr/fruit/zcr-bb/cran0803.pdf). 

Croteau, R. Fogerson, I. Seed Lipids of the American Cranberry (Vaccinium Macrocarpon) , Phytochemistry, 1969,8,2219. 

Three of the 17 flavouring agents (Nos 1758, 1759 and 1764) in this group have been reported to occur naturally in coffee, black tea, barley, chicken, turkey, guinea hen, beef, mushrooms, trassi, American cranberry and sweet corn (Nijssen et al., 2006). No quantitative data on the natural levels in food were available, and therefore consumption ratios (the ratios of their consumption from natural food sources to their use as flavouring agents) were not calculated. 

Fig. 2.1 Different species of cranberry, especially Vac-cinium macrocarpon (aka large cranberry, American cranberry, bearberry, shown) is rich in both benzoic and ascorbic acids. (Copyright-free Wikipedia picture)...

American cranberry 315 Benzoic acid, p-coumaric acid... 

After hydrolysis, fruits and fruit products with high maximum SIF were strawberry (0.3-102.0), blackberry (0-67.4), grapefruit (54.5), blond orange (42.0-53.8), lime (46.8), bog bilberry (16.5 0.6), black currant (3.7-39.0), lemon (35.1-38.8), European cranberry (11.4—37.5), American cranberry (12.3-27.9), rabbiteye blueberry (0-22.3), lingonberry (0-21.5), half-highbush blueberry (8.5-17.3), and black crowberry (9.7-10.5). Other fruit sources had maximum SIF of less than 10.0. 

Viskelis, P., Runinskiene, M., Jasutiene, 1., Earkinas, A., Daubaras, R., and Eesoniene, L. 2009. Anthocyanins, antioxidative, and antimicrobial properties of American cranberry (Vaccinium maorooarpon Ait.) and their press cakes. Journal of Food Science. 74(2), C157-C161. 

The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait (Ericaceae)) was used by North-American Indians to fight urinary tract infections and other bacterial diseases. Proanthocyanidins, present in cranberries as oligomers of catechin and epicatechin, inhibit the docking of bacteria on tissues in vitro an anti-adhesive mechanism of cranberry-proanthocyanidins (Howell et al. 2001). The efficacy of cranberry juice and extracts as a prophylactic agent against recurrent urinary infections is well documented in women (Stothers 2002). The anti-adhesion effect of cranberry-proanthocyandins can also be applied for treatment of other common diseases of bacterial pathogenesis, e.g. Helicobacter py/on-associated gastritis and dental caries/periodontal disease (Nowack 2007). 

The finit of the American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) has been used for the amelioration of urinary tract infections for over 100 years. Women in Cape Cod were known to employ cranberry finit for dysurea. Many physicians have routinely recommended cranberry juice consumption to patients experiencing urinary tract infections. Women are particularly susceptible to urinary tract infections. An estimated 11 million women in the United States experience a UTI, and many have chronic infections. There is considerable evidence to support the use of cranberries for the prevention of urinary tract infections 1,2). Bodel et al (3) in 1959 were among the first to report the antibacterial action of cranberry juice, attributing the effect to production of hippuric acid resulting in the acidification of the urine. Subsequent reports supported the use of cranberry juice for urinary tract infection (4 6). Reports also suggested the beneficial effect was due to the acidity (5-7). However, as experimental techniques improved over the years, the acidity theory was disproved and replaced by a new theory of bacterial anti-adhesion... 

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