Costing plant

Plant locations and capacities. While producing a product at the nearest plant usually lowers transportation costs, plant capacity limitations sometimes dictate otherwise. 

In most engineering applications the supply water is not suitable for immediate use without treatment. It is essential that the method of water treatment selected be the one most suited to the application. If steam is used as the working medium for a process, it is essential that water treatment be used to prevent the precipitation of substances in the water from fouling pipe work and heat exchangers otherwise costly plant damage will result. 

We need to develop a systematic approach to analyzing the impact of making changes in the cormections between process units or in the size of units that are undertaken to improve operating costs, plant flexibihty, or safety. 

The value of the index n is traditionally taken as 0.6 the well-known six-tenths rule. This value can be used to get a rough estimate of the capital cost if there are not sufficient data available to calculate the index for the particular process. Estrup (1972) gives a critical review of the six-tenths rule. Equation 6.2 is only an approximation, and if sufficient data are available the relationship is best represented on a log-log plot. Garrett (1989) has published capital cost-plant capacity curves for over 250 processes. 

One of the most obvious benefits of plants is the potential for production scale up, leading to the production of virtually limitless amounts of recombinant antibody at minimal cost Plants are easy to grow, and unlike bacteria or animal cells their cultivation is straightforward and does not require specialist media, equipment or toxic chemicals. It has been estimated that plantibodies could be produced at a yield of 10-20 kg per acre at a fraction of the cost associated with production in mammalian cells [2,18] The use of plants also avoids many of the potential safety issues associated with other expression systems, such as contaminating mammalian viruses or prions, as well as ethical considerations involving the use of animals. 

Contribution of operational cost (plant 1) a. Cost tabulation (excluding shipping)... 

Fig. 9.6 Comparison of the ratio between bio-liquid cost (plant-gate) and the theoretical H2 yield for different bio-liquid raw materials to be used in H2 production. (Adapted from [32]).

Conversion cost Plant-specific Utilities and energy Electric power, steam, brine 4-5... 

The provocation of mucosal immunity against a given antigen can be achieved by other means besides oral ingestion. For example, intranasal administration of vaccine proteins can improve local mucosal immunity and enable large populations to be immunized at a lower cost. Plant-derived vaccines provide hope for more immunogenic, more effective and... 

Figure 8.2-4. Composition of total costs. Plant capacity 100,000 t/a.

Method (1) is relatively inflexible and more costly. Plant-mixed and extruded slurries have to be thin and often somewhat more sensitive than desired. Otherwise they are not easily pumped thru the hose and into the borehole. Furthermore, they require relatively high water content. The more sensitive, incompletely thickened slurry has to be transported over public highways, a practice previously forbidden as far as bulk explosives were concerned. Additional thickeners are added during actual loading into the borehole in order to permit easy loading but still give the required viscosity to prevent segregation and loss into the formation once the slurry is in place in the borehole... 

Labor costs Energy costs Environmental costs Plant productivity... 

Other fixed costs Plant Plant operational fixed Utilization of equipment capacity... 

Plant locations and capacities. While producing a product at the nearest plant usually lowers transportation costs, plant capacity limitations sometimes dictate otherwise. Any company competing in the world economy needs the flexibility to accept orders on a worldwide basis and then assign them to individual plants to be filled. Such a function is logically implemented within the corporate-level information technology framework. 

Hydrogen production cost Plant capital cost... 

Sensitivity Analysis. The sensitivity of hydrogen price to the following variables was calculated raw materials cost, plant capital cost, stream factor, plant size, and by-product credits. 

Economics. At the present time, process economics are difficult to evaluate. Costs of hydrogen, low BTU fuel gas, or electric power are dependent on plant size, coal cost, plant location, product purity, and other environmental requirements that must be met. Using mid-1979 dollars, we have estimated 99% purity, 1000 psig hydrogen from a 50MM to 100MM SCF/D plant to cost between 1.25 to 1.60 per 1000 SCF ( 4- 5 per MM BTU) before taxes and profit. 

By 2002 30 percent of North American ammonia production was curtailed, and in 2004 four more plants were shut down. Although periodic downtimes of plants are not uncommon, the combination of import competition that depressed prices and very high feedstock costs in many industrialized countries has resulted in shutdowns of high-cost plants which resulted in a decline in world capacity.38,57 299... 

Peroxygen systems have three distinct advantages in industrial side chain oxidation compared to the employment of air. Firstly, the reactions can be conducted at atmospheric pressure, and moderate temperature, which makes this an option for small- to medium-volume production in general purpose (low cost) plant. Secondly, the selectivity to produce alcohols or aldehydes is easier to... 

Depreciation (1 - fs) x (Depreciable Capital Cost) / (Plant Life) ... 

Project net present value Return on investment Reactor productivity per unit volume Plant availability (time on stream) Process yield of main product Project expense Cost of production Total annualized cost Plant inventory (for safety reasons) Formation of waste products... 

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