Wastewater-treatment plants, cost

Federal regulations for, 75-78 in plant location, 91-93 Wastewater-treatment plants, cost of, 811-812 Water ... 

M. Ramanathan and W. E. Vedey, Evaluation, Design and Startup of an Innovative and Cost-effective Wastewater Treatment Plant at Concord, New Hampshire, paper presented at the 36th Annual Meeting, Virginia Water Pollution Control Association, Inc., Charlottesville, Va., 1982. 

Because of large equipment and land requirements, capital costs for wastewater-treatment plants are high. A collection system that conveys both sanitary and storm flows must be designed to deal with high peak flows at the treatment plant detention basins are usually provided in order to smooth the flow into the plant and reduce the sudden peak flow. In the absence of such precautions, it may be necessary to by-pass a portion of the flow. 

There are four basic types of incinerators used in wastewater treatment plants. They are the multiple hearth incinerator, the fluid bed incinerator, the electric furnace, and the cyclonic furnace. Each system has it s own distinct method of incineration and while one may be more cost efficient, another may have more of an environmental impact. 

With this approach, the ACA aims to define and optimise the treatment typologies for each of the 1,300 wastewater treatment plants, which will be operative in the period 2011-2015 to achieve the WFD goals. Moreover, this methodology allows the optimisation of both investment and management cost of the wastewater treatment plants along Catalonia (Spain). 

A further improvement in the sustainability of an industrial production process may be achieved by closing the water loops for a number of adjacent industrial production processes. This may be achieved in a so-called eco-industrial area where the primary aim is to arrange industrial production processes in such a way that water, wastes, materials, and energy can be exchanged between the various production processes in an environmentally sustainable and cost effective manner. A shared process water production plant and wastewater treatment plant is then a crucial step. It will, however, be clear that such an approach requires a thorough and detailed study which incorporates not only technical and economical aspects but also legal, organisational and infrastructural aspects as well. 

An Oregon wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) estimates the capital cost for development of the initial 80 acres of a 320-acre site as 4,610,200, plus additional operational and maintenance costs of 120,900 per year. Operational and maintenance costs depend on the amount of land under development, harvesting, and replanting activities (D197131, p. 7-2). It is assumed that the poplar trees at the site will provide a source of revenue from the sale of wood chips. Revenue from the chips is estimated at 80 per bone dry ton (BDT), with an annual increase in worth of 4%. The first harvest is scheduled for 2006. Revenue from harvesting efforts wifi help offset a portion of the capital, operational, and maintenance costs of the system (D197120, p. 29). 

TABLE 3 Estimated Total Annual Costs for a Living Machine Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant... 

The vendor claims that Mixflo is an economical option for capacity expansion and emission control at wastewater treatment plants. According to the vendor, upgrading air-based activated sludge treatment systems with Mixflo can reduce energy costs by greater than one third (D22912J,... 

The discharge from both domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants (for example, from activated sludge processes) has been a low-cost source of makeup for cooling systems for many years. Efforts to reuse water continue to gain momentum for environmental conservancy and economic reasons, but the fact that secondary use waters are, by definition, of a lower grade than other supply sources inevitably means an increased risk of deposition or fouling problems in the cooling system. 

During recent years there has been an increasing demand for better operation of wastewater treatment plants in order to guarantee satisfactory effluent quality at minimal cost. The renewed interest in instrumentation and control comes after a period of huge investments in sewer networks and treatment plants. Several factors have contributed to the potential for better operation and control, such as cheap computing power, improving sensors and better knowledge of process dynamics and control. 

Fig. B-9. Cost of Small Packaged Wastewater Treatment Plants 812...

Cost of small packaged wastewater-treatment plants. 

Phosphorus is removed in wastewater treatment plants by chemical means (e.g., phosphorus precipitation with iron or aluminum see Section 10.1.2) and by microbiological means known as biological phosphorous removal. The principal advantages of biological phosphorus removal include reduced chemical costs and a smaller sludge production as compared to chemical precipitation. It is based on the following facts ... 

Another material treated with microwave pyrolysis has been sewage sludge. Disposal of this material, which is a by-product in wastewater treatment processes, is a considerable problem and currently accounts for up to 60% of the operational cost of wastewater treatment plants. Microwave pyrolysis of sludge provides a rapid and efficient process with reduced process time and energy requirements compared with conventional pyrolysis [54]. 

The ranking analysis discussed in the remainder of this section used benzene exposure at a nearby residence as a proxy for the risk associated with population exposure to refinery releases. In Table X, the share each option represents of the total benzene exposure reduction achieved by implementing all options is given in the column labeled Benzene exposure reduction. The barge loading option accounts for 55% of the benzene exposure reduction attributable to all options. In cost-effectiveness terms, the cost for a 1% benzene exposure reduction ranges from 9000 for secondary seals to 1.48 million for upgrading the wastewater treatment plant. 

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