Plant services costs

Let us consider plant eqmpment costing I million and purchased on Jan. I, 1988. T le 9-18 ows the provision for the depreciation account for 1988, 1989, and 1990 for straight-line depreciation, assuming a service hfe of 10 years and zero scrap value. The credit entries of 100,000 for the depreciation in each year are balanced by the depreciation charge of 100,000 debited to the income statement (or trading and profit-and-loss account) in each year. Table 9-19 shows the corre-... 

It is a fact of life that the cost of providing water treatment services increases with the size and complexity of boiler plant. This cost may be recovered with larger boiler plants by the higher volumes of chemical treatments sold, as often the chemical selling prices will include an allowance for all the anticipated (and expensive) technical service time requirements. 

Applications The in-vial LSE of additives is used in several laboratories (e.g. GE, DSM Plant Laboratories) but other extraction methods are more popular. Use may be envisaged in particular for specific routine applications in plant services at low cost. Desrosiers [23] has reported that up to 3 g of either ground or thin disk strips may be put completely into solution at 140 °C and an extraction period of 15min. Ashton [111] used... 

Polymer/additive analysis is a typical industrial analytical problem, and indeed not one of the easiest or least important ones. Requirements set to industrial analytical expertise vary from new analytical approaches for product innovation, to service-oriented problem solving (combination of analytical expertise and specific product knowledge), and cost-efficient analysis of a few grades (plant service) (Scheme 10.1). Reported prospects set the instrumental trends in the polymer industry (Table 10.17). For traditional quality laboratories this translates into ... 

The capital cost required for the provision of utilities and other plant services will depend on whether a new (green field) site is being developed, or if the plant is to be built on an existing site and will make use of some of the existing facilities. The term... 

This downtime can be avoided by installing alternate pieces of equipment that can be immediately put into service when an item fails. If this is done for all pieces of equipment, it is almost equivalent to building a spare plant. The cost of this would of course be prohibitive. Usually for large plants a spare piece of equipment will be installed only when the equipment is expected to break down frequently. 

Contract maintenance personnel cost more than plant personnel doing the same job. In 1967, it was estimated that the average contract person s services cost 4.71 per hour, while plant maintenance men cost 3.62 per hour.49... 

Plant overhead costs do not vary widely with changes in the production, either. Generally, these costs take into account medical services, general plant maintenance, quality-control laboratories, storage facilities, etc. In this discussion we do not consider them, because we think the plant as part of an existing industry. 

Capital costs should be added to these costs, calculated for an amortization period of 20 years, 10% yearly interest, annual production of 300,000 t of methanol (plant service factor = 82%), as indicated below ... 

Plant-overhead costs are for hospital and medical services general plant maintenance and overhead safety services payroll overhead including pensions, vacation allowances, social security, and life insurance packaging, restaurant and recreation facilities, salvage services, control laboratories, property protection, plant superintendence, warehouse and storage facilities, and special employee benefits. These costs are similar to the basic fixed charges in that they do not vary widely with changes in production rate. 

C. Plant-overhead costs (SO-70% of cost for operating labor, supervision, and maintenance, or 5-15% of total product cost) includes costs for the following general plant upkeep and overhead, payroll overhead, packaging, medical services, safety and protection, restaurants, recreation, salvage, laboratories, and storage facilities. 

We have not discussed catalyst life as one of the determinants in the selection of a catalyst, although it obviously can be of critical importance. In the absence of poisoning, hydrogenation catalysts frequently last for several years in plant service, and catalyst costs are thus relatively minor in the overall product cost breakdown. Candidate catalysts that did not exhibit exceptional life in laboratory tests were simply excluded from consideration for our purposes. 

The capital cost required for the provision of utilities and other plant services will depend on whether a new (green field) site is being developed, or if the plant is to be built on an existing site and will make use of some of the existing facilities. The term battery limits is used to define a contractor s responsibility. The main processing plant, within the battery limits, would normally be built by one contractor. The utilities and other ancillary equipment would often be the responsibility of other contractors and would be said to be outside the battery limits. They are often also referred to as off-sites . 

Column 4 represents costs based on plant modifications enabling polarization and intercompartmental leakage to be eliminated, and full capacity and desalting to be achieved. The modifications would have involved additional work to the extent of 142,900. This cost has been added to the original costs in calculating amortization. No allowance has been made for credit for redundant equipment, or for the fact that these modifications if originally incorporated would actually have reduced the capital costs. Replacement and service costs are based on conservative values, as shown in the notes to the table. A mean coulomb efficiency of 75% throughout the plant has been allowed for, with membranes discarded... 

The limitations of preliminary plant location cost studies should be recognized and pointed out to management. No matter how carefully a survey is prepared, future trends such as population and market shifts, development of competitive processes, and the advent of new industries, services, and transportation facilities cannot be reliably predicted. 

It is impossible to arrive at generalized guidelines at the present time regarding the technoeconomics of steam compression by thermocompression (e.g., steam jet ejectors) versus mechanical recompression for steam-drying plants. The costs of installation of such systems are such that they should be considered only for large-scale continuous steam dryers, that is, those with evaporation capacities of 100 ton/day or higher. The steam compressors for such service are expected to cost over 500,000 (1990 estimate for North America). To this cost, one must add the costs of spares and maintenance. 

To secure the assessment of EFR fuel cycle costs, EFRUG requested the major ctHnpanies specialised in nuclear fuel fabrication and reprocessing, BNFL and COGEhlA, to provide up-to-date information on fuel service costs. As for the plant construction, die fuel service cost assessment was requested for the first-off station and for a series unit in a programme of fast reactors to establish a fuel cycle operating under similar industrial conditions as for the PWRs. 

Fixed manufacturing costs inclnde manufacturing labor, plant maintenance, and other plant-related costs that do not vary with production volume. These costs, plus corporate services and associated overhead, generally contribnte 10-20% of total product cost. 

After successive years of neglect, the local line network is suffering from exhaustion of spare capacity and poor reliability. Adequate spare line plant is essential if provision of service and repair service targets are to be met. Reliable line plant is necessary if repair service cost targets are to be met. 

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