Costs plant damage

In most engineering applications the supply water is not suitable for immediate use without treatment. It is essential that the method of water treatment selected be the one most suited to the application. If steam is used as the working medium for a process, it is essential that water treatment be used to prevent the precipitation of substances in the water from fouling pipe work and heat exchangers otherwise costly plant damage will result. 

Pseudoionones are produced commercially by the aldol condensation of citral and acetone catalyzed by aqueous or ethanolic solutions of bases. However, these liquid catalysts have potential problems related to undesirable side reactions (self-condensation of citral and secondary reactions of pseudoionones), catalyst separation and disposal (the catalyst caimot be reused and causes serious damage to the environment) as well as purification steps, which are laborious and costly [268]. These homogeneous processes also require a large excess of acetone, typically 10-20 moles per mole of citral, for a satisfactory yield, and a large and costly plant is needed for commercial production. 

This design option results in a substantial reduction in the risk of plant damage from stress corrosion cracking or crud-induced power shift, and in the risk of operator radiation exposure. This is achieved at a very modest cost. It is thus ALARP. 

Figure 12.13 Event tree analysis that was performed on each process system of a FCCU gas plant ( = cost of damage, CCU = catalytic cracking unit, VCE = vapor cloud explosion).

The term accident refers to personal injury and loss. Given that a minimum level of profitability is essential for a business, the prevention of losses is a key factor. All accidents, whether they result in personal injury, property and plant damage and / or interruption of the business activity, represent losses to an organisation. Experience indicates that managers frequently complain about the cost of safety. What they never consider are the losses to the organisation as a result of accidents ... 

Extend the safe useful operation life of major HT/HP power plant items, subject to time-dependent creep and thermal fatigue damage, with benefits in terms of delayed costs for component replacement. 

For by-product coke ovens, it is general practice to blend two or more types of coals that have complimentary technical as well as economic characteristics. Because most by-product coke plants are located near the large industrial users of the coke and by-products, coals usually have to be transported from the coal mines to the coke plants. Thus coal blends are designed on integration of coke quaUty needs, by-product quaUty needs, coal costs, transportation costs, impacts of productivity, and impacts on the coke ovens themselves. The physical behavior of coal blends during coking can damage coke ovens. 

The goals of the F EI are to raise awareness of loss potential and identify ways to reduce potential severity and potential dollar loss in a cost-effective manner. TLe index number has significance as a comparison and in calculations to estimate the maximum probable property damage (MPPD). It also provides a method for measuring tbe effect of outage (plant being shut down) on the business. It is easy for users to get credible results with a small amount of training. 

The Chemical Process Industry (CPI) uses various quantitative and qualitative techniques to assess the reliability and risk of process equipment, process systems, and chemical manufacturing operations. These techniques identify the interactions of equipment, systems, and persons that have potentially undesirable consequences. In the case of reliability analyses, the undesirable consequences (e.g., plant shutdown, excessive downtime, or production of off-specification product) are those incidents which reduce system profitability through loss of production and increased maintenance costs. In the case of risk analyses, the primary concerns are human injuries, environmental impacts, and system damage caused by occurrence of fires, explosions, toxic material releases, and related hazards. Quantification of risk in terms of the severity of the consequences and the likelihood of occurrence provides the manager of the system with an important decisionmaking tool. By using the results of a quantitative risk analysis, we are better able to answer such questions as, Which of several candidate systems poses the least risk Are risk reduction modifications necessary and What modifications would be most effective in reducing risk ... 

In 1854, the Manchester Steam Users Association was formed to help with the prevention of explosions in steam boilers and to find efficient methods in their use. To achieve this, the Association employed the first boiler inspectors, whose services were then made available to the Association s members. Within a short space of time, the members became convinced that insurance to cover the high cost of repair or replacement of damaged boilers was desirable, and this resulted in the first boiler insurance company (The Steam Boiler Assurance Company) being formed in 1858. The scope of the services for inspection and insurance later extended to include pressure vessels, steam engines, cranes, lifts and electrical plant, the insurance protection in each case being supported by an inspection service carried out by qualified engineer surveyors. 

There are obviously situations which demand considerable over-design of a cathodic protection system, in particular where regular and efficient maintenance of anodes is not practical, or where temporary failure of the system could cause costly damage to plant or product. Furthermore, contamination of potable waters by chromium-containing or lead-based alloy anodes must lead to the choice of the more expensive, but more inert, precious metal-coated anodes. The choice of material is then not unusual in being one of economics coupled with practicability. 

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