Module cost estimation

Modulation transfer function (MTF) analyses, 19 222, 264-265 Module factor investment cost estimates, 9 530... 

Brown developed guidelines for the preparation of order-of-magni-tude and study capital cost estimates based upon the Lang and Hand methods. Brown modified Lang and Hand methods for materials of construction, instrumentation, and location factors. He found that the modified Hand and Garrett module factor methods gave results within 3.5 percent. 

Even before the optimum plant size was determined, a contractor had been selected and process design work was in progress. The contractor was selected on the basis of competitive cost plus fixed-fee bids. The contract was later converted to a turn-key type, based on the competitive-bid fixed-fee percentage and a definitive cost estimate for completion of the job. This saved about 2 months in over-all job completion time. Through duplication of equipment purchases and construction drawings, it was possible to reduce over-all completion time for three subsequent plants by as much as 8 months from the 17 months required for the first module (Fig. 2). About 29 months were required from Geld discovery to startup of the last Exxon treating facility. 

For production cost estimation of PV parabolic trough concentrator module several assumptions were made ... 

As with the rest of ASPEN, the cost estimation and economic evaluation system will be modular in design there will be one program module for each equipment class, and it will be easy for users to add their own costing modules. 

Example of a normal module as applied for estimating capital investment for a chemical process and a mechanical equipment unit. [Adapted from K. M. Guthrie, Capital Cost Estimating, Chem. Eng., 76(6).114 (March 24,1969).]... 

Capital cost estimates for the H2 system are presented in Table 2. The PV power plant is the largest capital component. With 10% efficient PV modules, the PV power plant accounts for 59% of total capital investments. With cost reductions achieved by PV module efficiency gains, the proportion of capital for 14% efficient PV modules is reduced to 51%. The second largest capital investment component is the electrolysis plant. The electrolysis plant accounts for 18 22% of total capital for... 

Depending on the type of materials to be used for membrane separation, the module may have different configurations. The footprint of the membrane separation unit may be an important issue where it is going to be placed, and packing density of the module (m /m ) will then have to be considered. Some modules may be suitable for large-volume applications, some for smaller. In most cases investment cost and lifetime of the membrane will decide which one should be chosen. If specific process conditions are necessary for optimum performance of the membrane (pressure, temperature, filtering, and drying of gas), required utilities must be included in cost estimation. 

Other modules take care of equipment sizing and cost estimation, perform numerical calculations, handle recycle calculation (described in more detail below), optimize, and serve as controllers (executives) for the whole set of modules so that they function in the proper sequence. Figure 5.11 illustrates the information flow in a fiowsheeting package composed of modules. 

Dmgs are chemical compounds that modulate the activity of proteins and other targets associated with a disease state to achieve a desired therapeutic response. The discovery and development of dmgs has traditionally been an inefficient and expensive process. Recent studies have shown that time frames of 10-15 years from the discovery of a validated molecular target to the market introduction of a Food and Dmg Administration (FDA)-approved drug are typical, with the average cost estimated to be in excess of 300 million (1). 

The fixed capital investment is the cost to build the manufacturing facility. Corresponding to the different levels in the gating process given in Table 16.1 are methods of cost estimation that have different levels of accuracy. Here we describe estimation methods for the conceptual design stages that use process cost correlations (which are usually accurate to 40 to 50%) and the bare module factor method ( 30%). Some estimation methods provide improved accuracy but require vendor quotations detailed estimates of material costs of piping, valves, and insulation and estimates of installation labor hours and the mix of labor rates. Such methods are beyond the scope of this chapter. 

BM factor method of cost estimation. Component costs within the BM are estimated as percentages (or factors) of the FOB cost. The factors differ depending on the type of equipment in the module and the alloys. Two types of factors have been developed (1) L + M factors to account for the FOB cost plus the materials and labor for the supports, concrete, electrical, process and utility piping, vents and sewers, insulation, and painting, plus labor for inspection and installation but excluding instruments and instrumentation. (2) Indirect cost factors for home office and field expense. 

Table 16.14 Capital Cost Estimate of Bare-Module Equipment Cost for an Ammonia Plant—Costs in Millions of U.S. Dollars (Year 2000)...

Table 16.15 continues the cost estimate to obtain the total capital investment. After all other investment costs are added to the total bare-module cost of the on-site equipment, the total capital investment becomes 179,730,000. The total permanent investment is 169,640,000, which is a factor of 5.38 times the total f.o.b purchase cost of the on-site process equipment. The start-up cost here is taken as 8% of Ctdc-... 

It is desired to carry out a profitability analysis for the monochlorobenzene (MCB) separation process using (a) purchase costs and bare module factors, (b) purchase and installation costs estimated by Aspen IPE. In Section 16.7, the latter estimates were computed, beginning with the ASPEN PLUS simulation in the file, MCB.bkp. Plant location is the Gulf Coast. The design time is estimated to be one year, the construction time at one year, and the total operating life of the project at 15 years. Assume that 5% of the total permanent investment is... 

Costs should be included with any rules of thumb because costs are such vital information to engineering practice. Therefore, in this book, cost correlations for the FOB cost and factors for estimation of the complete installation of that equipment into a working process are given for each type of equipment. The cost estimates are ball park ideas + 30 %. Here we discuss the correlations, the L+M factors to convert FOB costs into bare module costs, factors to obtain the fixed capital investment costs and finally the capital cost guidelines for the equipment described in the main text, with title captions that are the same as in the main text. 

---