Module Costs

The 1960s brought the first terrestrial applications for PV. At that time the technology was very expensive, with PV collectors, called modules, costing upwards of... 

Determine the 197 1 module cost of a 5,000 ft2 U-tube heat exchanger constructed of carbon steel shell and monel tubes and rated at 500 psi. 

The bare module cost of a stainless-steel tank is ... 

In 1964 the installed cost for each extruder and its accessory equipment was given as 90,000.25 The indirect costs increase the cost for solids-handling equipment an average of 29%. This gives a bare module cost of 1,180,000 for all 9 extruders and accessories in 1968. No bare module factors are given for extruders. However, an extruder is really a polymer pump, and for pumps and compressors the bare module factor is around 3.25 and the material factor for stainless steel is 2.0. A back calculation gives a 1968 F.O.B. cost of 540,000. 

To obtain bare module costs multiply by 1.29 for solids operations and 1.34 for others. 

Bare Module Costs of Single Story Building Shells... 

From the point of view of market leader, silicon wafer technology, technical improvements identified in the previous sections, in connection with appropriate factory scale-up and integration, are capable of reducing direct costs as much as shown in Figure 11.5. Wafer costs are expected to decrease by up to 50% in the short term and module costs to become a fraction of the entire cost in the long term. 

Oxygenation of an aquifer contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using membrane gas transfer modules cost approximately 2.75 per day in 1995 (D130585, p. 526). 

Figure 3.39 Schematic of a plate-and-frame module. Plate-and-frame modules provide good flow control on both the permeate and feed side of the membrane, but the large number of spacer plates and seals lead to high module costs. The feed solution is directed across each plate in series. Permeate enters the membrane envelope and is collected through the central permeate collection channel [111]...

The abundant solar energy resources are challenging potential option for hydrogen production. The solar cell costs are important element of the PV economic viability. The modules account for about 50% of cost of a PV power plant. The solar cells themselves account about half of the module cost, or 20% of total system cost. Thin film polycrystalline technology may make possible to have the module cost about 50 USD/m and electricity price of 6 cents/kWh. This is only a planning target for 10% efficiency. 

Indirect cost. Indirect was reviewed earlier in this chapter. In Table 8.12 an indirect cost factor of 1.38 is given for shell/tube type heat exchangers. Much of this cost factor is weighted with the field-erection cost of cranes and other heavy construction equipment items, such as welding trucks and heavy equipment transport logistics. The total shell/tube module cost is then ... 

Total shell tube module cost factor = direct cost x indirect cost factor or... 

Module cost. Table 8.12 and the associated Fig. 8.3 and table s F factors thus make up the entire shell/tube modular cost. All other types of major equipment items are to be factored for cost calculations, applying similar figures and tables throughout this chapter. 

Figure 8.7 Fractionation tray cost (shop-installed),, base tray cost x (F. + F. + FJx escalation index. Add this tray cost to the vertical vessel s overall module cost.

TABLE 8.22 Vertical Pressure Vessel Module Associated Cost Factor Additions, in Percent (total module cost = base cost x total modular factor + tray cost)... 

Note that each equipment type listed is to be considered as discrete and separate from the other equipment items of the same type. Why For the convenience of grouping, all associated equipment factors being the same, items such as the six fractionator columns in Table 8.33 can be summed as one table, covering all six module costs. 

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