Gating process

The mechanisms of the oscillations in biomembranes have been explained based on the gating of membrane protein called an ion channel, and enormous efforts have been made to elucidate the gating process, mainly by reconstitution of channel proteins into bilayer membranes [9-11]. 

Although new emerging technologies may provide more efficient applications in the future [29, 30], so far in all wide field TG-based FLIM systems, the gating process results in the loss of photons and a consequent reduction of the sensitivity (photon-economy). 

For industrial products, the remaining four steps are elucidated in Fig. 10.4-1. After the Concept Development step (see Fig. 10.3-2), preliminary product design occurs in the Feasibility step of the Stage-Gate process - which is not applicable for epitaxial thin films of silicon, as prototype thin films are normally not needed. 

Now the overlap of these wavepackets is calculated in phase space. Note that this is a fully quantum mechanical picture, and no classical approximations were made. Our only assumption is that the excitation and gating processes are well separated. This form, however, allows the development... 

Figure D9. The Stage-Gate Process from Concept to Product...

In order to actually carry out time resolved spectroscopy, the gating process must be synchronized to both the experiment and the reading and digitizing processes. This is not trivial but can be done using additional logic and timing circuits (see, for example, ref. 107). 

Also as has been discussed before, Michell (1975) reported that the phos-phoinositides (this term includes all the different phosphorylated forms) were intimately involved in the calcium gating process in cells. Current dogma states that under stimulus conditions, there is a rapid (within 5-30 sec) metabolic change in the Ptdins-4,5-P2 through the action of a phospholipase C. Two products are formed as follows ... 

Fig. 5. A helical net representation for the inner TM1 helix of Tb MscL illustrating the positions of helix interface residues, pore residues, and gain-of-function mutations. The side chain of Val-21 serves to constrict the channel at the narrowest position. The correspondence between residues at the interface between the inner helices and the gain-of-function mutations is evident (Ou et al., 1998), suggesting this interface is critical for the gating process. Residues 17, 20, 24, and 28 participate in the helix interface with one neighboring TM1 helix, while 18, 22, and 26 participate in the interface with the other neighboring TM1 helix if these residues are found in subunit A, then the former group interacts with subunit E, and the latter with subunit B.

In this chapter we will not address ion conduction proper but we will concentrate on two aspects of ion channels the gating process and the transduction from the initiating stimulus to the operation of the gate. The gating process is the operation of the gate proper while the transducer may be considered the sensor of the stimulus that ultimately opens and closes the channel. Specifically, we will address one type of sensor the membrane potential or voltage sensor. 

Emerging front-end CMP applications can gain from the experience of STI CMP. The replacement metal gate process, for example, comprises two CMP damascene steps (one oxide and metal) with comparable geometry dimensions. The know-how in terms of consumables, tools, process parameters, and... 

Some companies attempt to accelerate the process from idea to product launch by employing a new product scheme or a stage-gate process. The main... 

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