Variable operating costs

Utility operating costs are usually the most significant variable operating cost after raw materials. Utility operating costs include... 

In an economic comparison of these three common abatement systems, a 1991 EPA study (58) indicates extended absorption to be the most cost-effective method for NO removal, with selective reduction only matching its performance for small-capacity plants of about 200—250 t/d. Nonselective abatement systems were indicated to be the least cost-effective method of abatement. The results of any comparison depend on the cost of capital versus variable operating costs. A low capital cost for SCR is offset by the ammonia required to remove the NO. Higher tail gas NO... 

Variable operating costs costs that are dependent on the amount of product produced. 

Utility operating cost Utility operating cost is usually the most significant variable operating cost after the cost of raw materials. This is especially the case for the production of commodity chemicals. Utility operating cost includes ... 

A process has been developed for a new product for which the market is uncertain. A plant to produce 50,000 t-y 1 requires an investment of 10,000,000, and the expected project life is five years. Fixed operating costs are expected to be 750,000 y 1, and variable operating costs (excluding raw materials) expected to be 40 t-1 product. The stoichiometric raw material costs are 80 t 1 product. The yield of product per ton of raw material is 80%. Tax is paid in the same year... 

The major factor which enters into variable operating costs is wood, here taken as 25.00 per dry ton, a reasonable current price for aspen chips in several locations in Canada. Under some special circumstances this can be reduced considerably waste aspen chips, for example, would cost 18.00 per ton. If available in adequate quantity, such chips would cut the cost of ethanol by... 

The variable operating costs, the investment costs and the rate of depreciation were taken into account. The cost analysis was kept simple because the main target was simply to evaluate the overall production costs. 

The variable operating costs include the consumption of feed + fuel, cooling water and electricity. For their evaluation, it was taken into account that in the actual economic scenario the costs of such a scheme are mainly related to those of the natural gas and of the plant thermal efficiency. The evaluation is reported in Table 9.3. 

Finally, in Table 9.5 the various components (variable operating costs, operating and maintenance costs and depreciation) and the overall results expressed in terms of euros per cubic meter (STP) of hydrogen produced through ATR and SR are given. 

Estimated costs of ECP treatment range from 0.20 to 20 per 1000 gal of contaminated ground-water treated (D19128Q, p. 1 D19129R, p. 1). Costs will vary depending on the contaminant treated, solids percent of the influent, and other site-specific variables. Operational costs for a site contaminated with 10 to 25 parts per million (ppm) in total hydrocarbons [chiefly chlorinated hydrocarbons or benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX)] were estimated to be 0.50 per 1000 gal of contaminated groundwater treated. This estimate does not include profit (D19413S). 

The variable operating cost is plotted in Figure 7 for units containing two to six stages. It can be seen from the curve that the lowest variable operating cost occurs at four stages, with a conversion of 0.13. Under these conditions the At should be 3° F. 

Figure 7. Variable operating costs for the vertical-tube zone-freezing process...

Cost efficiency includes the concept of providing the services at the lowest possible cost. The efficiency criterion may also include managerial efficiency. This criterion is relevant in a short-term perspective when it comes to the variable operational costs as well as fixed operational and maintenance costs. 

Initially, the model assumes that the market is populated by a number of identical, typical firms. All of the firms choose the same volume of output to maximize their individual profits. If, at this optimal level of output, the firms cannot pay their fixed and variable operating costs, including providing a reasonable return to providers of finance, at least one firm would close. As a consequence of the closure (exit) of a firm, the individual outputs of the remaining firms would increase and their profitability would improve. The model automatically reduces the number of firms in the industry until the remaining firms cover their costs and achieve a reasonable profit. 

Pretreatment method Pretreatment equipment cost ( ) Pretreatment capital cost ( /yr) Variable operating cost (2001 US ) at 2000 t/d T otal annual cost ( /yr) EtOH (gal/yr) EtOH ( /gal)... 

The cost of manufacture includes all fixed and variable operating costs for the facility, including the cost for raw materials. The cost of manufacture should be cast in the form of dollars per pound ( /lb) of a key raw material. Another number that is readily available is the product selling price in dollars per pound of product. Depending on the state of the business—excess capacity or sold out— one of these two numbers can be used to determine the incentive for pollution prevention. 

For convenience in developing and illustrating the estimated variable operating costs of Table IV, the following arbitrary values for feed materials and energy were taken for mid-1979. Additional details of the economic basis are given in Table V. 

Variable Operating Cost Million /yr Btu LHV /k scf H2 /gal gaso equiv... 

Variable Operating Cost Fixed Operating Cost Capital Charges Total Fueling Station Cost... 

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