Cost-effective production method

Besides the two main types of clamping units (mechanical and hydraulic), there are also combinations of both systems. All systems have advantages and disadvantages. In other words, there is no universal optimum design of clamping unit. The choice of system employed in the injection molding of plastics articles is ultimately determined by the the most cost-effective production method, e.g. single- or multi cavity mold and machine suitabdity. 

In conclusion, wet spinning is a comparatively cost-effective production method. The drawbacks of low spinning speeds have recently been eliminated. Additionally, recent developments have shown that wet-spun fibers have wide application in the area of high-tech textiles. 

Although polyester is always brightened with disperse-type products, the methods of application vary. FBAs are marketed for incorporation in the polymer mass, for exhaust application with or without carrier and for use in the pad-thermosol process at a temperature within the range 160-220 °C. Most products are applicable by more than one method, although none can he applied satisfactorily by all methods and cost-effective products introduced in the 1950s still remain important today. 

This paper examines in some detail the method of extrusion coating PE foam onto a woven cloth. An experiment is described in which the feasibility of foam extrusion coating was examined in order to produce a cost effective product. 4 refs. 

It is difficult to predict which combinations of separation methods might be used to purify a new product on the process scale. It is hoped that the combination of principles, practice, and a sense of economics that drive the industry, will assist process engineers and scientists in selecting time-efficient and cost-effective purification methods. 

Several biotechnological synthetic methods for D-pantothenic add and its precursor D-pantolactone have been developed over the past 15 years. Although all have reached preparative scale and might result in cost-effective production processes, they differ considerably in their process characteristics - for example educts and space-time yields, especially when a fermentation and biotransformation are compared. Compared with the chemical process, the biotechnological processes reduce waste production and provide the possibility of a more environmentally friendly yet still competitive means of production of D-pantothenic acid. 

Many of the latter requirements are being met for many chemical sensors and for enzyme-electrode-based biosensors and products based on these sensors are commercially available (see chapter 23). Other, more advanced sensors, such as antibody- and receptor-based biosensors, have been commercialized to only a limited extent, primarily due to fabrication and cost limitations. New, simpler, and more cost-effective immobilization methods now being developed will be the driving force for the commercial emergence of these sensors within the next 5-10 years. 

In recent years, real-time monitoring of chemical reactions and product streams has become more and more important in the polymer and plasties industry. This is due to the growing economic and legislative demands on product quality and the environmental protection. The industry needs rapid, reliable, non-invasive and cost effective analytical methods for process control. Conventional process analysis techniques are physical measurements such as temperature, flow, pressure and others. The obtained In Situ Spectroscopy of Monomer and Polymer Synthesis... 

There are many different, cost-effective welding methods suitable for industrial mass production of plastics engineering components including ultrasonic, laser, spin, hot plate, linear and orbital vibration welding. Here we will deal with inexpensive manual methods for low quantities which can be carried out in small workshops or on site. 

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