Cosmetics, world market

Since its development in cosmetics in the 1940s, thioglycolic acid has become a widespread thiochemical, used all over the world as the acid or in the form of its salts or esters. Because of the several derivatives of thioglycolic acid used, the market size for this chemical is often expressed in terms of thioglycolic acid equivalents. In 1994 the total world market was estimated at around 15,000 to 20,000 metric tons of thioglycolic acid equivalents. Some mercaptocarboxyhc acid and esters available are compiled in Table 2. 

Phenylethanol has a rose-like odour and makes the chemically produced compound the most used fragrance chemical in perfume and cosmetics, with a world market of about 7,000 t year [107, 108]. 2-Phenylethanol is also found in many foods as a characteristic flavour compound rounding off the overall aroma, especially in foods obtained by fermentation, such as wine, beer, cheese, tea leaves, cocoa, coffee, bread, cider and soy sauce [109]. In food applications, natural 2-phenylethanol is preferred rather than its nature-identical counterpart from chemical synthesis and it has a market volume of 0.5-11 year . This product is sold at market prices of up to US 1,000 per kiklogram and is mainly produced by yeast-based bioprocesses since its isolation from natural sources, e.g. rose oil, would be too costly [109]. 

The American auto manufacturers have been driven from their dominant position in the United States and world market by the Japanese because of their unwillingness to innovate and sell a truly unique, fully modem high quality automobile. American engineers are as competent as their Japanese counterparts, but the accountants and managers in control of the auto companies will not allow them to produce a new innovative product because there is a risk the new product will flop. Instead, the finance specialists keep the old products with cosmetic changes and advertise more. Some attempt to convince the government they need protection from unfair competition. 

Currently the world market of L-cysteine represents approximately 5,000 mtoa , approximately 55 Mio US sales and an annual growth rate of 4%, whereby its main fields of application are the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. About 30% of the annual L-cysteine requirement is converted into the derivatives N-acetylcysteine and S-carboxymethylcysteine... 

The major proportion of the world market for cosmetics and toiletries is in the hands of approximately 15 companies which account for 60% of sales. The demand for solvents in cosmetics and toiletries does not follow the sales value since solvents are used in only certain segments within this sector. 

Vitamin C, also named as L-ascorbic add, is a kind of essential vitamin and antioxidant for human beings and some primates (Zhang et al. 2011). Vitamin C is widely used in pharmaceutical, foods, beverages, cosmetics and feeds industries (Table 12.1). Along with the expansion of vitamin C in different field, the market is still growing. The world market for vitamin C and its direct derivatives (such as calcium salt, potassium salt, sodium salt, and glycosylation derivatives) is beyond 0.5 billion US dollars. 

The world market for lipases is the fastest growing segment driven by its growing applications in the detergent and cosmetic markets (Rahman et al. 2005). Global Industry Analysts Inc. has announced a comprehensive analysis on the worldwide market for industrial enzymes. According to this analysis, the world market for industrial enzymes is forecasted to reach US 3.74 billion by 2015, and lipases represent one of the major product... 

The estimate of the world cosmetic market at retail level as 40 billion annually is based on, for example, the Chem. Eng. News yearly Product Reports which give the US cosmetic consumer market at around 16-18.5 billion in 1990-1993 consuming over 100 million of natural raw materials (see, for example, Chem. Eng. News, April 20, 1992, 31-52 and April 26, 1993, 36,38). For the insecticide and related agrochemical market at 7 billion see, for example, von Szczepanski, Ch. V. in Crombie, L. editor Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Insect Control Hi Roy. Soc. Chem., Cambridge, UK, 1990, 1-16). 

The chemical industry represents a 455-billion-dollar-a-year business, with products ranging from cosmetics, to fuel products, to plastics, to pharmaceuticals, health care products, food additives, and many others. It is diverse and dynamic, with market sectors rapidly expanding, and in turmoil in many parts of the world. Across these varied industry sectors, basic unit operations and equipment are applied on a daily basis, and indeed although there have been major technological innovations to processes, many pieces of equipment are based upon a foundation of engineering principles developed more than 50 years ago. 

To address the first question, which preservatives are currently being used , a very useful starting point is to examine the use of preservatives in the US market. This gives a fairly representative picture of the preservatives used, not only in the US market, but also in most other markets around the world with the notable exception of Japan. The graph below has been compiled from data from collated and published by D Steinberg, covering the most widely used preservatives in US cosmetic and toiletry products. It becomes very clear that the... 

There are roughly 8000 nonactive ingredients being used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals world-wide. In 1996, approximately 800 excipients were used in marketed pharmaceutical products in the United States. Although the FDA maintains a list of inactive ingredients, the EU and other European... 

In the food industry, these natural products have now been classified under a new class of food called nutraceuticals or functional foods, because these products provide a health benefit beyond basic nutrition 22, 23). According to Wilkinson 24), most of the nutraceuticals used in the food industry are plant derived. Further, Addae-Mensah (25), showed that the world trade in medicinal plants accounts for about 30% of the total dmg market and was estimated excluding plants used as raw material sources for the essential oils required to manufacture cosmetics, food additives and other non-medicinal purposes. The increased recogiution of the value of natural products in the pharmaceutical, neutraceutical, cosmetic and other industries have created a huge demand for raw natural products. By taking Rooibos tea as an example from South Africa, Wilson 26) in detail describes the demand for Rooibos from different countries. However, for many natural products estimation of the actual demand is very difficult and the data sparse given the diversity of natural products used across industries and production variation within and across countries and the lack of... 

---